# 8.6 Buffers  (Page 2/9)

 Page 2 / 9

## Ph changes in buffered and unbuffered solutions

Acetate buffers are used in biochemical studies of enzymes and other chemical components of cells to prevent pH changes that might change the biochemical activity of these compounds.

(a) Calculate the pH of an acetate buffer that is a mixture with 0.10 M acetic acid and 0.10 M sodium acetate.

## Solution

To determine the pH of the buffer solution we use a typical equilibrium calculation (as illustrated in earlier Examples):

1. Determine the direction of change. The equilibrium in a mixture of H 3 O + , ${\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}{}^{\text{−}},$ and CH 3 CO 2 H is:
${\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}\text{H}\left(aq\right)+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}\left(l\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⇌\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}{}^{\text{−}}\left(aq\right)$

The equilibrium constant for CH 3 CO 2 H is not given, so we look it up in Appendix H : K a = 1.8 $×$ 10 −5 . With [CH 3 CO 2 H] = $\left[{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}{}^{\text{−}}\right]$ = 0.10 M and [H 3 O + ] = ~0 M , the reaction shifts to the right to form H 3 O + .
2. Determine x and equilibrium concentrations . A table of changes and concentrations follows:
3. Solve for x and the equilibrium concentrations. We find:
$x=1.8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-5}M$

and
$\left[{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}\right]\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=0+x=1.8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-5}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}M$

Thus:
$\text{pH}=\text{−log}\left[{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}\right]\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{−log}\left(1.8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-5}\right)$

$=4.74$

4. Check the work . If we calculate all calculated equilibrium concentrations, we find that the equilibrium value of the reaction coefficient, Q = K a .

(b) Calculate the pH after 1.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is added to 100 mL of this buffer, giving a solution with a volume of 101 mL.

First, we calculate the concentrations of an intermediate mixture resulting from the complete reaction between the acid in the buffer and the added base. Then we determine the concentrations of the mixture at the new equilibrium:

1. Determine the moles of NaOH. One milliliter (0.0010 L) of 0.10 M NaOH contains:
$0.0010\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\overline{)\text{L}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{0.10\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol NaOH}}{1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\overline{)\text{L}}}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=1.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-4}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol NaOH}$
2. Determine the moles of CH 2 CO 2 H. Before reaction, 0.100 L of the buffer solution contains:
$0.100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\overline{)\text{L}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{0.100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}\text{H}}{1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\overline{)\text{L}}}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=1.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}\text{H}$
3. Solve for the amount of NaCH 3 CO 2 produced. The 1.0 $×$ 10 −4 mol of NaOH neutralizes 1.0 $×$ 10 −4 mol of CH 3 CO 2 H, leaving:
$\left(1.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}-\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(0.01\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=0.99\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}\text{H}$

and producing 1.0 $×$ 10 −4 mol of NaCH 3 CO 2 . This makes a total of:
$\left(1.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\right)+\left(0.01\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=1.01\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\text{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{NaCH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}$
4. Find the molarity of the products. After reaction, CH 3 CO 2 H and NaCH 3 CO 2 are contained in 101 mL of the intermediate solution, so:
$\left[{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}\text{H}\right]\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{9.9\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}}{0.101\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{L}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=0.098\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}M$

$\left[{\text{NaCH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}\right]\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1.01\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}}{0.101\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{L}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=0.100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}M$

Now we calculate the pH after the intermediate solution, which is 0.098 M in CH 3 CO 2 H and 0.100 M in NaCH 3 CO 2 , comes to equilibrium. The calculation is very similar to that in part (a) of this example:

This series of calculations gives a pH = 4.75. Thus the addition of the base barely changes the pH of the solution ( [link] ).

(c) For comparison, calculate the pH after 1.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is added to 100 mL of a solution of an unbuffered solution with a pH of 4.74 (a 1.8 $×$ 10 −5 - M solution of HCl). The volume of the final solution is 101 mL.

## Solution

This 1.8 $×$ 10 −5 - M solution of HCl has the same hydronium ion concentration as the 0.10- M solution of acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer described in part (a) of this example. The solution contains:

$0.100\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{L}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{1.8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-5}\text{mol HCl}}{1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{L}}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}=1.8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-6}\text{mol HCl}$

As shown in part (b), 1 mL of 0.10 M NaOH contains 1.0 $×$ 10 −4 mol of NaOH. When the NaOH and HCl solutions are mixed, the HCl is the limiting reagent in the reaction. All of the HCl reacts, and the amount of NaOH that remains is:

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