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SSPD_Chapter 6_Part 3 describes the challenges faced by IC fabrication technology in course of increased micro miniaturization.

SSPD_Chapter 6_IC Fabrication Technology from 1960s to date (2011)_Part3.

The tortuous path and the challenges in the development of IC Fabrication Technology.

Gordon Moore predicted that number of transistors on integrated circuits (a rough measure of computer processing power) will double every 18 months at a minimum cost. It became a self fulfilling prophecy . Moore’s Law has become a yardstick of our progress as we harness the cunning of NATURE’s design strategies.

There was a constant pressure on Chip manufacturers to integrate functionally complex chips. To meet this target it became a necessity to follow Moore’s Law of micro-miniaturization. Following this law through aggressive vertical and lateral scaling rapid advances took place and major milestones were established in the field of IC Technology as already mentioned in the Road Map of Computer Development.

In 1964 the third generation Computer using IC came into market. This was known as Table-Top Computer PDP-8 . This was compact. There was much less power requirement and much more cost affordable.

In 1971 the first microprocessor chip (µP4004) was marketed by INTEL . This laid the foundation of Desk-Top computers belonging to Fourth Generation Computers.

µP4004 was followed by 8085, 8086, 80386, 80486, Pentium I, Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium IV. Today in 2009 such powerful quad processors have been commercialized that Nvidia advertises its new workstation, the Tesla, as a “personal supercomputer”. It clusters 4 Nvidia C1060 processing boards, each of which unites 240 graphic cores to process instructions at nearly teraflop speed.

Table 6.6. Transistor Junction Depths and Doping Changes with years. [Muller&Kamini, Solid State Devices; “Modelling of SiGe heterojunction transistors:200GHz frequencies with symmetrical delay times”, Jochen Eberhardt&Erich Kasper, Solid State Electronics, 45(2001), 2097-2100.].

Amplifying(Junction. Isolated)1964 Amplifying(Junction Isolated)1980 Switching(Junction Isolated)1980 Switching(Oxide Isolated)1980 Amplifying(oxide isolated)2001HBT
Surface area 212.5µm×250µm 20 µm×1µm
Epi Film Thickness_Resistivity of epi layer 10 μm_0.1Ω-cm 10μm_1Ω-cm 3μm_0.3-0.8 Ω-cm 1.2um_0.3-0.8 Ω-cm 172nmW C = 50nm
Buried Layer Sheet R Sheet Updiffusion 1Ω/▄_2.5 μm 20Ω/▄_2.5μm 20Ω/▄_1.4μm 30 Ω/▄_0.3 μm 0.7 Ω/▄_0.2 μm
Emitter Diffusion Depth_Sheet Resistance of Emitter 2.5 μm_1Ω/▄ 2.5μm_5Ω/▄ 0.8μm_12Ω/▄ 0.25μm_30Ω/▄ W E = 110nm_378 Ω/▄_Emitter contact_5.2 Ω/▄
Base Diffusion Depth_R SHEET 3.5 μm_200Ω/▄ 3.25μm_100 Ω/▄ 1.3μm_200 Ω/▄ 0.5μm_600 Ω/▄ 122nm260 Ω/▄
Base Width 1 μm 1 μm 0.5 μm 0.25 μm W B =12nm
Substrate ResistivityCrystal Orientation 10 Ω-cm<111> 10 Ω-cm<111> 10 Ω-cm<111> 5 Ω-cm<111>

Table 6.7. Dimension Scaling in MOSFET over the last decade.

MOS 1967 1997 1999 2001 2003 2006
L(µm) 10 0.25 0.18 0.13 0.1 0.07
DRAM (Gbit/cm 2 ) 64M 0.18 0.38 0.42 0.91 1.85
Junction Depth (x j )nm 1000 100 70 60 52 40
InterconnectionPitch(nm) 2000 600 500 350 245 130

Questions & Answers

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what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
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Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, Solid state physics and devices-the harbinger of third wave of civilization. OpenStax CNX. Sep 15, 2014 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11170/1.89
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