6.5 The ionosphere and communications

If we were limited to line-of-sight communications, long distance wireless communication, like ship-to-shorecommunication, would be impossible. At the turn of the century, Marconi, the inventor of wireless telegraphy, boldly tried suchlong distance communication without any evidence — either empirical or theoretical — that it was possible. When theexperiment worked, but only at night, physicists scrambled to determine why (using Maxwell's equations, of course). It wasOliver Heaviside, a mathematical physicist with strong engineering interests, who hypothesized that an invisibleelectromagnetic "mirror" surrounded the earth. What he meant was that at optical frequencies (and others as it turned out), themirror was transparent, but at the frequencies Marconi used, it reflected electromagnetic radiation back to earth. He hadpredicted the existence of the ionosphere, a plasma that encompasses the earth at altitudes $h_i$ between 80 and 180 km that reacts to solar radiation: It becomestransparent at Marconi's frequencies during the day, but becomes a mirror at night when solar radiation diminishes. The maximumdistance along the earth's surface that can be reached by a single ionospheric reflection is $2R\arccos \left(\frac{R}{R+h_i}\right)$ , which ranges between 2,010 and 3,000 km when we substitute minimum and maximum ionospheric altitudes. Thisdistance does not span the United States or cross the Atlantic; for transatlantic communication, at least two reflections wouldbe required. The communication delay encountered with a single reflection in this channel is $\frac{2\sqrt{2R{h}_i+h_i^2}}{c}$ , which ranges between 6.8 and 10 ms, again a small time interval.