# 6.5 Single-pixel camera

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This module describes the application of compressive sensing to the design of a novel imaging architecture called the "single-pixel camera".

## Architecture

Several hardware architectures have been proposed that apply the theory of compressive sensing (CS) in an imaging setting  [link] , [link] , [link] . We will focus on the so-called single-pixel camera   [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] . The single-pixel camera is an optical computer that sequentially measures the inner products $y\left[j\right]=⟨x,{\phi }_{j}⟩$ between an $N$ -pixel sampled version of the incident light-field from the scene under view (denoted by $x$ ) and a set of $N$ -pixel test functions ${\left\{{\phi }_{j}\right\}}_{j=1}^{M}$ . The architecture is illustrated in [link] , and an aerial view of the camera in the lab is shown in [link] . As shown in these figures, the light-field is focused by a lens (Lens 1 in [link] ) not onto a CCD or CMOS sampling array but rather onto a spatial light modulator (SLM). An SLM modulates the intensity of a light beam according to a control signal. A simple example of a transmissive SLM that either passes or blocks parts of the beam is an overhead transparency. Another example is a liquid crystal display (LCD) projector.

The Texas Instruments (TI) digital micromirror device (DMD) is a reflective SLM that selectively redirects parts of the light beam. The DMD consists of an array of bacterium-sized, electrostatically actuated micro-mirrors, where each mirror in the array is suspended above an individual static random access memory (SRAM) cell. Each mirror rotates about a hinge and can be positioned in one of two states ( $±10$ degrees from horizontal) according to which bit is loaded into the SRAM cell; thus light falling on the DMD can be reflected in two directions depending on the orientation of the mirrors.

Each element of the SLM corresponds to a particular element of ${\phi }_{j}$ (and its corresponding pixel in $x$ ). For a given ${\phi }_{j}$ , we can orient the corresponding element of the SLM either towards (corresponding to a 1 at that element of ${\phi }_{j}$ ) or away from (corresponding to a 0 at that element of ${\phi }_{j}$ ) a second lens (Lens 2 in [link] ). This second lens collects the reflected light and focuses it onto a single photon detector (the single pixel) that integrates the product of $x$ and ${\phi }_{j}$ to compute the measurement $y\left[j\right]=⟨x,{\phi }_{j}⟩$ as its output voltage. This voltage is then digitized by an A/D converter. Values of ${\phi }_{j}$ between 0 and 1 can be obtained by dithering the mirrors back and forth during the photodiode integration time. By reshaping $x$ into a column vector and the ${\phi }_{j}$ into row vectors, we can thus model this system as computing the product $y=\Phi x$ , where each row of $\Phi$ corresponds to a ${\phi }_{j}$ . To compute randomized measurements, we set the mirror orientations ${\phi }_{j}$ randomly using a pseudorandom number generator, measure $y\left[j\right]$ , and then repeat the process $M$ times to obtain the measurement vector $y$ .

where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
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