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Misbruik van statistiek

Data kan op baie maniere gemanipuleer word wat misleidend kan wees. Grafieke moet versigtig ontleed word en vrae moet gevra word oor 'die storie agter die getalle'. Potensiële misinterpretasies is:

  1. Verander die skaal om die voorkoms van die grafiek te verander
  2. Weglating en seleksie van data
  3. Fokus op spesifieke navorsingsvrae
  4. Seleksie van groepe

Ondersoek : misbruik van statistiek

  1. Ondersoek die volgende grafieke en lewer kommentaar oor die verandering van die skaal.
  2. Bestudeer die volgende drie grafieke en lewer kommentaar oor weglating, seleksie en bevoordeling. Wenk: Wat is verkeerd met die data en wat is weggelaat van die staaf- en sirkelgrafiek?
    Aktiwiteit Ure
    Slaap 8
    Sport 2
    Skool 7
    Kuier by vriende 1
    Kyk TV 2
    Studeer 3

Misbruik van statistiek

Die staafgrafiek hieronder toon die resultate van 'n studie wat kyk na 'n vergelyking van kospryse teenoor die inkomste van 'n huishouding in 1994.

Income (thousands of rands) Food bill (thousands of rands)
< 5 2
5-10 2
10-15 4
15-20 4
20-30 8
30-40 6
40-50 10
> 50 12
  1. Wat is die afhanklike veranderlike? Hoekom?
  2. Watter afleiding kan jy maak in verband met hierdie veranderlike? Maak dit sin?
  3. Wat sal gebeur as die grafiek verander word van kosrekening in duisend rande na persentasie van inkomste?
  4. Teken hierdie staafgrafiek deur van 'n tabel gebruik te maak. Watter afleidings kan gemaak word?
  5. Hoekom verskil die twee grafieke alhoewel dieselfde inligting gebruik word?
  6. Wat let jy nog op? Beïnvloed dit die regverdigheid van die resultate?

Einde van hoofstuk oefeninge

  1. Baie padongelukke gebeur gedurende vakansies tussen Durban en Johannesburg. 'n Studie is gedoen om te sien of spoed 'n faktor is in die hoë ongeluksyfer. Gebruik die resultate om die volgende vrae te beantwoord.
    Speed (km/h) Frequency
    60 < x 70 3
    70 < x 80 2
    80 < x 90 6
    90 < x 100 40
    100 < x 110 50
    110 < x 120 30
    120 < x 130 15
    130 < x 140 12
    140 < x 150 3
    150 < x 160 2
    1. Teken 'n grafiek om hierdie inligting voor te stel.
    2. Gebruik jou grafiek om die mediaanspoed en die interkwartielwydte te bereken.
    3. Watter persentasie van motors ry teen meer as 120 km . h - 1 op hierdie pad?
    4. Oorskry motors oor die algemeen die spoedgrens?
  2. Die volgende twee diagramme (wat twee skole se bydrae vir liefdadigheid toon) is oordryf. Verduidelik hoekom hul misleidend is en teken hulle oor sodat hul nie misleidend is nie.
  3. Die maandelikse inkomste van ag onderwysers word as volg gegee: R10 050; R14 300; R9 800; R15 000; R12 140; R13 800; R11 990; R12 900.
    1. Wat is die gemiddelde inkomste en die standaardafwyking?
    2. Hoeveel van die salarisse is binne die standaardafwyking van die gemiddeld?
    3. As elke onderwyser 'n bonus van R500 by hul salaris kry, wat is die nuwe gemiddeld en standaardafwyking?
    4. As elke onderwyser 'n bonus van 10% van hul salaris bykry, wat is die nuwe gemiddeld en standaardafwyking?
    5. Vir albei bogenoemde vrae, hoeveel salarisse is binne een standaardafwyking van die gemiddeld?
    6. Gebruik bostaande inligting om te bereken watter bonus die voordeligste vir die onderwysers is.

Questions & Answers

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In biology, a pathogen (Greek: πάθος pathos "suffering", "passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is anything that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term pathogen came into use in the 1880s.[1][2
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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 11). OpenStax CNX. Sep 20, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11339/1.4
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