# 4.7 Maxima/minima problems  (Page 4/10)

 Page 4 / 10

Use the second derivative to find the local extrema of the function

$f\left(x,y\right)={x}^{3}+2xy-6x-4{y}^{2}.$

$\left(\frac{4}{3},\frac{1}{3}\right)$ is a saddle point, $\left(-\frac{3}{2},-\frac{3}{8}\right)$ is a local maximum.

## Absolute maxima and minima

When finding global extrema of functions of one variable on a closed interval, we start by checking the critical values over that interval and then evaluate the function at the endpoints of the interval. When working with a function of two variables, the closed interval is replaced by a closed, bounded set. A set is bounded if all the points in that set can be contained within a ball (or disk) of finite radius. First, we need to find the critical points inside the set and calculate the corresponding critical values. Then, it is necessary to find the maximum and minimum value of the function on the boundary of the set. When we have all these values, the largest function value corresponds to the global maximum and the smallest function value corresponds to the absolute minimum. First, however, we need to be assured that such values exist. The following theorem does this.

## Extreme value theorem

A continuous function $f\left(x,y\right)$ on a closed and bounded set $D$ in the plane attains an absolute maximum value at some point of $D$ and an absolute minimum value at some point of $D.$

Now that we know any continuous function $f$ defined on a closed, bounded set attains its extreme values, we need to know how to find them.

## Finding extreme values of a function of two variables

Assume $z=f\left(x,y\right)$ is a differentiable function of two variables defined on a closed, bounded set $D.$ Then $f$ will attain the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value, which are, respectively, the largest and smallest values found among the following:

1. The values of $f$ at the critical points of $f$ in $D.$
2. The values of $f$ on the boundary of $D.$

The proof of this theorem is a direct consequence of the extreme value theorem and Fermat’s theorem. In particular, if either extremum is not located on the boundary of $D,$ then it is located at an interior point of $D.$ But an interior point $\left({x}_{0},{y}_{0}\right)$ of $D$ that’s an absolute extremum is also a local extremum; hence, $\left({x}_{0},{y}_{0}\right)$ is a critical point of $f$ by Fermat’s theorem. Therefore the only possible values for the global extrema of $f$ on $D$ are the extreme values of $f$ on the interior or boundary of $D.$

## Problem-solving strategy: finding absolute maximum and minimum values

Let $z=f\left(x,y\right)$ be a continuous function of two variables defined on a closed, bounded set $D,$ and assume $f$ is differentiable on $D.$ To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of $f$ on $D,$ do the following:

1. Determine the critical points of $f$ in $D.$
2. Calculate $f$ at each of these critical points.
3. Determine the maximum and minimum values of $f$ on the boundary of its domain.
4. The maximum and minimum values of $f$ will occur at one of the values obtained in steps $2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}3.$

Finding the maximum and minimum values of $f$ on the boundary of $D$ can be challenging. If the boundary is a rectangle or set of straight lines, then it is possible to parameterize the line segments and determine the maxima on each of these segments, as seen in [link] . The same approach can be used for other shapes such as circles and ellipses.

what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
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