4.6 Exponential and logarithmic models  (Page 2/16)

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Characteristics of the exponential function, y = A0e kt

An exponential function with the form $y={A}_{0}{e}^{kt}$ has the following characteristics:

• one-to-one function
• horizontal asymptote: $y=0$
• domain:
• range: $\left(0,\infty \right)$
• x intercept: none
• y-intercept: $\left(0,{A}_{0}\right)$
• increasing if $k>0$ (see [link] )
• decreasing if $k<0$ (see [link] )

Graphing exponential growth

A population of bacteria doubles every hour. If the culture started with 10 bacteria, graph the population as a function of time.

When an amount grows at a fixed percent per unit time, the growth is exponential. To find ${A}_{0}$ we use the fact that ${A}_{0}$ is the amount at time zero, so ${A}_{0}=10.$ To find $k,$ use the fact that after one hour $\left(t=1\right)$ the population doubles from $10$ to $20.$ The formula is derived as follows

so $k=\mathrm{ln}\left(2\right).$ Thus the equation we want to graph is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=10{e}^{\left(\mathrm{ln}2\right)t}=10{\left({e}^{\mathrm{ln}2}\right)}^{t}=10·{2}^{t}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ The graph is shown in [link] .

Half-life

We now turn to exponential decay . One of the common terms associated with exponential decay, as stated above, is half-life , the length of time it takes an exponentially decaying quantity to decrease to half its original amount. Every radioactive isotope has a half-life, and the process describing the exponential decay of an isotope is called radioactive decay.

To find the half-life of a function describing exponential decay, solve the following equation:

$\frac{1}{2}{A}_{0}={A}_{o}{e}^{kt}$

We find that the half-life depends only on the constant $k$ and not on the starting quantity ${A}_{0}.$

The formula is derived as follows

Since $t,$ the time, is positive, $k$ must, as expected, be negative. This gives us the half-life formula

$t=-\frac{\mathrm{ln}\left(2\right)}{k}$

Given the half-life, find the decay rate.

1. Write $A={A}_{o}{e}^{kt}.$
2. Replace $A$ by $\frac{1}{2}{A}_{0}$ and replace $t$ by the given half-life.
3. Solve to find $k.$ Express $k$ as an exact value (do not round).

Note: It is also possible to find the decay rate using $k=-\frac{\mathrm{ln}\left(2\right)}{t}.$

Finding the function that describes radioactive decay

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. Express the amount of carbon-14 remaining as a function of time, $t.$

This formula is derived as follows.

The function that describes this continuous decay is $f\left(t\right)={A}_{0}{e}^{\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}\left(0.5\right)}{5730}\right)t}.$ We observe that the coefficient of $t,$ $\frac{\mathrm{ln}\left(0.5\right)}{5730}\approx -1.2097×{10}^{-4}$ is negative, as expected in the case of exponential decay.

The half-life of plutonium-244 is 80,000,000 years. Find function gives the amount of carbon-14 remaining as a function of time, measured in years.

$f\left(t\right)={A}_{0}{e}^{-0.0000000087t}$

The formula for radioactive decay is important in radiocarbon dating , which is used to calculate the approximate date a plant or animal died. Radiocarbon dating was discovered in 1949 by Willard Libby, who won a Nobel Prize for his discovery. It compares the difference between the ratio of two isotopes of carbon in an organic artifact or fossil to the ratio of those two isotopes in the air. It is believed to be accurate to within about 1% error for plants or animals that died within the last 60,000 years.

what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
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Cied
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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