4.6 2.1.2. solid state era

2.1.2.solid state era of electronic devices.

In 1949, in Bell Laboratories Shockley, Bardeen and Braittain invented the first Solid State Three Terminal Device called Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). Two terminal solid state diodes were already in use. Using this BJT, potable, battery operated transistor Radios (AM Receiver Sets) were launched. This brought a mini-revolution in Entertainent Electronics. Light weight, cheap, micro-miniaturization and portablity was going to be the hall mark of the Solid State Era. The communication infrastructure will be made compact, less power hungry, reliable and integrated in the services (audio + video + data) it could provide. The computers will be transformed into personal computers. Mobile smart phones will become Palm-Top Computers. This is what we call Third Infortmation Revolution 1 .

¹ [ First Information Revolution was the invention of Pheonician Alphabets in the West in 700BCE , the invention of Brahmi Lipi in East in 400BCE and the invention of Kharosthi Alphabets which was derived from Aramatic Script used in Persia earlier than 300CE. Pheonician Alphabets became the basis of all European Languages. Brahmi Script became the basis of all the Indian languages namely Telegu, Tamil, Kanad, Malyalam, Bengali, Uria, Assamese, Gujrati, Maharashtri, Gurumukhi and Devnagri. Kharoshti Scripts and Aramatic Scripts became the basis of Arab, Persian and Urdu written from right to left.

Second Information Revolution was the invention of Rotating type Printing Presses in 1436. This is also known as Gutenberg Revolution. Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and businessman from the mining town of Mainz in southern Germany, borrowed money to invent a technology that changed the world of printing. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with replaceable/moveable wooden or metal letters in 1436 (completed by 1440). This method of printing can be credited not only for a revolution in the production of books, but also for fostering rapid development in the sciences, arts and religion through the transmission of texts. Till then hand written Manuscripts on parchements, Palm-leaf or papurus was in use which allowed only a selective group of people to access the written , scholarly text. But printing books and pamphelets changed this limited accessibility to written information.

It was printing and rapid diffusion of printed material which brought the Reformation Movement by Martin Luther King in Germany. This led to the establishment of Protestent Church in 1517-21 CE. This led to the overthrow of Monarchy by Jacobin Party in France in 1789 CE. This led to the American Independence under the leadership of George Washington of Democratic Party on 4 ^th July 1776 CE. This led to the unification of Germany under the Junkers in 1871 CE and unification of Japan by the Meiji Oligarchs in 1867 CE.

In nut-shell, Second Information Revolution laid the foundation for Industrial Revolution where we will have Capital-intensive Enterprises.]