# 4.2 Terminology

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Probability: Terminology is part of the collection col10555 written by Barbara Illowsky and Susan Dean defines key terms related to Probability and has contributions from Roberta Bloom.

Probability is a measure that is associated with how certain we are of outcomes of a particular experiment or activity. An experiment is a planned operation carried out under controlled conditions. If the result is not predetermined, then the experiment is said to be a chance experiment. Flipping one fair coin twice is an example of an experiment.

The result of an experiment is called an outcome . A sample space is a set of all possible outcomes. Three ways to represent a sample space are to list the possible outcomes, tocreate a tree diagram, or to create a Venn diagram. The uppercase letter $S$ is used to denote the sample space. For example, if you flip one fair coin, $\mathrm{S = \left\{H, T\right\}}$ where $H$ = heads and $T$ = tails are the outcomes.

An event is any combination of outcomes. Upper case letters like $A$ and $B$ represent events. For example, if the experiment is to flip one fair coin, event $A$ might be getting at most one head. The probability of an event $A$ is written $\mathrm{P\left(A\right)}$ .

The probability of any outcome is the long-term relative frequency of that outcome. Probabilities are between 0 and 1, inclusive (includes 0 and 1 and all numbers between these values). $\mathrm{P\left(A\right) = 0}$ means the event $A$ can never happen. $\mathrm{P\left(A\right) = 1}$ means the event $A$ always happens. $\mathrm{P\left(A\right) = 0.5}$ means the event $A$ is equally likely to occur or not to occur. For example, if you flip one fair coin repeatedly (from 20 to 2,000 to 20,000 times) the relative fequency of heads approaches 0.5 (the probability of heads).

Equally likely means that each outcome of an experiment occurs with equal probability. For example, if you toss a fair , six-sided die, each face (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) is as likely to occur as any other face. If you toss a fair coin, a Head(H) and a Tail(T) are equally likely to occur. If you randomly guess the answer to a true/false question on an exam, you are equally likely to select a correct answer or an incorrect answer.

To calculate the probability of an event $A$ when all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely , count the number of outcomes for event A and divide by the total number of outcomes in the sample space. For example, if you toss a fair dime and a fair nickel, thesample space is $\mathrm{\left\{HH, TH, HT, TT\right\}}$ where $T$ = tails and $H$ = heads. The sample space has four outcomes. $A$ = getting one head. There are two outcomes $\mathrm{\left\{HT, TH\right\}}$ . $\mathrm{P\left(A\right) =}\frac{2}{4}$ .

Suppose you roll one fair six-sided die, with the numbers {1,2,3,4,5,6} on its faces. Let event $E$ = rolling a number that is at least 5. There are two outcomes $\mathrm{\left\{5, 6\right\}}$ . $\mathrm{P\left(E\right) =}\frac{2}{6}$ . If you were to roll the die only a few times, you would not be surprised if your observed results did not match the probability. If you were to roll the die a very large number of times, you would expect that, overall, 2/6 of the rolls would result in an outcome of "at least 5". You would not expect exactly 2/6. The long-term relative frequency of obtaining this result would approach the theoretical probability of 2/6 as the number of repetitions grows larger and larger.

How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
How can I make nanorobot?
Lily
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
how can I make nanorobot?
Lily
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
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