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Faktorisering van kwadratiese uitdrukkings

Khan akademie video oor die faktorisering van kwadratiese uitdrukkings

Faktorisering kan gesien word as die omgekeerde proses van die berekening van die produk van faktore. Om 'n kwadratiese uitdrukking te faktoriseer, is dit dus nodig om die faktore te vind wat, wanneer hulle met mekaar vermenigvuldig word, gelyk sal wees aan die oorspronklike kwadratiese uitdrukking.

Beskou 'n kwadratiese uitdrukking van die vorm: a x 2 + b x . Ons kan sien hier is x is 'n gemeenskaplike faktor in beide terme. Dus, a x 2 + b x faktoriseer tot x ( a x + b ) . Byvoorbeeld, 8 y 2 + 4 y faktoriseer tot 4 y ( 2 y + 1 ) .

'n Ander tipe kwadratiese uitdrukking bestaan uit die verskil tussen kwadrate. Ons weet dat:

( a + b ) ( a - b ) = a 2 - b 2

Dit is waar vir enige waardes van a en b , en, nog belangriker, aangesien die twee uitdrukkings aan mekaar gelyk (ekwivalent) is, kan ons skryf:

a 2 - b 2 = ( a + b ) ( a - b )

Dit beteken dat wanneer ons enige kwadratiese uitdrukking wat bestaan uit die verskil tussen twee kwadrate teëkom, ons onmiddellik die faktore kan neerskryf.

Vind die faktore van 9 x 2 - 25 .

  1. Ons sien die kwadratiese uitdrukking is die verskil tussen twee vierkante omdat:

    ( 3 x ) 2 = 9 x 2

    en

    5 2 = 25
  2. 9 x 2 - 25 = ( 3 x ) 2 - 5 2
  3. ( 3 x ) 2 - 5 2 = ( 3 x - 5 ) ( 3 x + 5 )
  4. Die faktore van 9 x 2 - 25 is ( 3 x - 5 ) ( 3 x + 5 ) .

Hierdie soort kwadratiese uitdrukking is eenvoudig om te faktoriseer. Nie baie kwadratiese uitdrukkings val egter in hierdie kategorie nie, en gevolglik het ons 'n meer algemene metode nodig vir kwadrate soos x 2 - x - 2 .

Ons kan leer hoe om kwadrate te faktoriseer deur twee binomiale met mekaar te vermenigvuldig en so 'n kwadratiese uitdrukking te kry. Byvoorbeeld, ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) vermenigvuldig uit as:

( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) = x ( x + 3 ) + 2 ( x + 3 ) = ( x ) ( x ) + 3 x + 2 x + ( 2 ) ( 3 ) = x 2 + 5 x + 6 .

Ons kan sien dat die x 2 term in die kwadratiese uitdrukking die produk is van die x -terme in elke hakie. Soortgelyk, die 6 in die kwadratiese uitdrukking is die produk van 2 en 3 in die hakies. Gevolglik is die middelterm die som van die twee terme.

Dus, hoe gebruik ons hierdie inligting om die kwadratiese uitdrukking te faktoriseer?

Kom ons begin faktoriseer x 2 + 5 x + 6 en sien of ons kan besluit op sekere algemene reëls. Eerstens, skryf twee hakies neer met 'n x in elke hakie en los spasie vir die oorblywende terme.

( x ) ( x )

Besluit nou op die faktore van 6. Aangesien 6 'n positiewe getal is, sal dit wees:

Faktore van 6
1 6
2 3
-1 -6
-2 -3

Vervolgens het ons nou vier moontlikhede:

Opsie 1 Opsie 2 Opsie 3 Opsie 4
( x + 1 ) ( x + 6 ) ( x - 1 ) ( x - 6 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3 )

Vervolgens vermenigvuldig ons elke stel hakies uit om te sien watter stel gee vir die regte middelterm.

Opsie 1 Opsie 2 Opsie 3 Opsie 4
( x + 1 ) ( x + 6 ) ( x - 1 ) ( x - 6 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3 ) ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3 )
x 2 + 7 x + 6 x 2 - 7 x + 6 x 2 + 5 x + 6 x 2 - 5 x + 6

Ons kan sien dat Opsie 3, (x+2)(x+3), die korrekte oplossing is. Die proses van faktorisering is hoofsaaklik 'n proses van opsies identifiseer en evalueer, maar daar is inligting wat die proses kan vergemaklik.

Metode: faktorisering van kwadratiese uitdrukkings

  1. Eerstens, haal enige gemeenskaplike faktore van die koëffisïente uit om 'n uitdrukking te kry van die vorm a x 2 + b x + c = 0 waar a , b en c geen gemene faktore het nie en a positief is.
  2. Skryf twee hakies neer met 'n x in elke hakie en plek vir die oorblywende terme.
    ( x ) ( x )
  3. Skryf 'n stel faktore neer vir a en c .
  4. Skryf 'n stel opsies neer vir die moontlike faktore is van die kwadratiese term deur die faktore van a en c te gebruik.
  5. Brei al die opsies uit om te sien watter stel vir jou die korrekte antwoord gee.

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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 10) [caps]. OpenStax CNX. Aug 04, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11328/1.4
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