<< Chapter < Page Chapter >> Page >

SOSIALE WETENSKAPPE: AARDRYKSKUNDE

Graad 9

KAARTWERK

Module 12

Herkenning van topografiese kenmerke op vertikale lugfoto’s en ortofotokaarte

Herkenning van topografiese kenmerke op vertikale lugfoto’s en ortofotokaarte

Die herkenning van eienskappe op vertikale foto’s vereis baie oefening. Julle het al in graad 8 ‘n bietjie daarmee te doen gekry. As jy die eienskappe nie met die eerste oogopslag kan herken nie, moet agtergrondkennis ingesamel word deur sekere geografiese vrae te vra:

Waar is die gebied in die land geleë?

Watter tipe klimaat en plantegroei kom hier voor?

Watter tipe boerderyaktiwiteite kom hier voor?, ens.

Om antwoorde hiervoor en meer te kry, word ‘n atlas en ander bronne gebruik.

Die belangrikste aanwysers op fotobeelde is die volgende:

Vorm

Geometriese vorms dui mensgemaakte voorwerpe aan. Spoorlyne word aangetoon as dun lyne met geleidelike krommings en ineenvloeiings. Paaie is breër en het reghoekaansluitings. Kulturele kenmerke is egalig en volg ‘n definitiewe patroon. Natuurlike kenmerke, soos byvoorbeeld riviere wat kronkelende samevloeiings het, is onreëlmatig.

Grootte

Geboue kan dieselfde vorm hê, maar grootte toon die verskil tussen ‘n hut, ‘n huis en ‘n fabriek aan. Padwydtes is gewoonlik baie duidelik.

Skaduwees

Hoë, dun voorwerpe soos kerktorings, telefoonpale, vuurtorings en fabriekskoorstene kan te klein wees om direk van bo af te sien. Hul skaduwees dui hul ligging en vorm aan.

Lang skaduwees verberg egter sekere kenmerke, dus moet lugfoto’s nie te vroeg soggens of laat in die namiddag geneem word nie. Die beste tyd om lugfoto’s te neem is gewoonlik tussen 10:00 en 14:00.

Skaduwees dui ook rigting aan en dit help die kaartleser om die foto te oriënteer. In die Suidelike Halfrond wys skaduwees gewoonlik suidwaarts.

AKTIWITEIT 1

[LU 1.4]

Die son kom in die ooste op en gaan in die weste onder. Vertikale lugfoto’s moet gewoonlik twee uur voor en twee uur na 12:00 geneem word. In watter rigting sal die skaduwees gedurende hierdie tyd val?

Soggens:

Smiddae:

Skakering

Die skakering op ‘n foto hang af van die hoogte van die son en die hoeveelheid lig wat deur die gefotografeerde voorwerp weerkaats word. Die volgende is ‘n paar nuttige voorbeelde om skakerings op die proef te stel:

Donker Ligter Rede
Oneffe oppervlaktes Gladde oppervlaktes Gladde oppervlaktes weerspieël lig, terwyl oneffe oppervlaktes lig absorbeer.
Helder water Troebel water Lig dring helder water binne, maar word deur troebel water weerkaats.
Staande water Golwende waters Golwe veroorsaak verspreide ligweerkaatsing.
Nat grond Droë grond Nat grond absorbeer meer lig.
Plantegroeibedekking Kaaltes Plantegroeibedekking absorbeer lig (sand lyk wit).
Geploegde landerye Braakland Ploeëry breek die weerkaatsingsoppervlak in kleiner deeltjies op.
Gevestigde gewasse Jong gesaaides Groter gewasse absorbeer meer lig.
Riviere Paaie Teerpaaie lyk wit, omdat hulle lig weerkaats (selfs al lyk hulle vir ons op die grond donker).

Tekstuur

Tekstuur dui grondgebruik- of grondbedekkingspatrone aan. Sitrusboorde het byvoorbeeld ‘n growwer tekstuur as mielielande. Sand lyk glad, terwyl ruigtes/bossieveld wollerig voorkom.

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!
Jobilize.com Reply

Get Jobilize Job Search Mobile App in your pocket Now!

Get it on Google Play Download on the App Store Now




Source:  OpenStax, Aardrykskunde graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 14, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11054/1.1
Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google Inc.

Notification Switch

Would you like to follow the 'Aardrykskunde graad 9' conversation and receive update notifications?

Ask