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SOSIALE WETENSKAPPE: AARDRYKSKUNDE

Graad 9

KAARTWERK

Module 12

Herkenning van topografiese kenmerke op vertikale lugfoto’s en ortofotokaarte

Herkenning van topografiese kenmerke op vertikale lugfoto’s en ortofotokaarte

Die herkenning van eienskappe op vertikale foto’s vereis baie oefening. Julle het al in graad 8 ‘n bietjie daarmee te doen gekry. As jy die eienskappe nie met die eerste oogopslag kan herken nie, moet agtergrondkennis ingesamel word deur sekere geografiese vrae te vra:

Waar is die gebied in die land geleë?

Watter tipe klimaat en plantegroei kom hier voor?

Watter tipe boerderyaktiwiteite kom hier voor?, ens.

Om antwoorde hiervoor en meer te kry, word ‘n atlas en ander bronne gebruik.

Die belangrikste aanwysers op fotobeelde is die volgende:

Vorm

Geometriese vorms dui mensgemaakte voorwerpe aan. Spoorlyne word aangetoon as dun lyne met geleidelike krommings en ineenvloeiings. Paaie is breër en het reghoekaansluitings. Kulturele kenmerke is egalig en volg ‘n definitiewe patroon. Natuurlike kenmerke, soos byvoorbeeld riviere wat kronkelende samevloeiings het, is onreëlmatig.

Grootte

Geboue kan dieselfde vorm hê, maar grootte toon die verskil tussen ‘n hut, ‘n huis en ‘n fabriek aan. Padwydtes is gewoonlik baie duidelik.

Skaduwees

Hoë, dun voorwerpe soos kerktorings, telefoonpale, vuurtorings en fabriekskoorstene kan te klein wees om direk van bo af te sien. Hul skaduwees dui hul ligging en vorm aan.

Lang skaduwees verberg egter sekere kenmerke, dus moet lugfoto’s nie te vroeg soggens of laat in die namiddag geneem word nie. Die beste tyd om lugfoto’s te neem is gewoonlik tussen 10:00 en 14:00.

Skaduwees dui ook rigting aan en dit help die kaartleser om die foto te oriënteer. In die Suidelike Halfrond wys skaduwees gewoonlik suidwaarts.

AKTIWITEIT 1

[LU 1.4]

Die son kom in die ooste op en gaan in die weste onder. Vertikale lugfoto’s moet gewoonlik twee uur voor en twee uur na 12:00 geneem word. In watter rigting sal die skaduwees gedurende hierdie tyd val?

Soggens:

Smiddae:

Skakering

Die skakering op ‘n foto hang af van die hoogte van die son en die hoeveelheid lig wat deur die gefotografeerde voorwerp weerkaats word. Die volgende is ‘n paar nuttige voorbeelde om skakerings op die proef te stel:

Donker Ligter Rede
Oneffe oppervlaktes Gladde oppervlaktes Gladde oppervlaktes weerspieël lig, terwyl oneffe oppervlaktes lig absorbeer.
Helder water Troebel water Lig dring helder water binne, maar word deur troebel water weerkaats.
Staande water Golwende waters Golwe veroorsaak verspreide ligweerkaatsing.
Nat grond Droë grond Nat grond absorbeer meer lig.
Plantegroeibedekking Kaaltes Plantegroeibedekking absorbeer lig (sand lyk wit).
Geploegde landerye Braakland Ploeëry breek die weerkaatsingsoppervlak in kleiner deeltjies op.
Gevestigde gewasse Jong gesaaides Groter gewasse absorbeer meer lig.
Riviere Paaie Teerpaaie lyk wit, omdat hulle lig weerkaats (selfs al lyk hulle vir ons op die grond donker).

Tekstuur

Tekstuur dui grondgebruik- of grondbedekkingspatrone aan. Sitrusboorde het byvoorbeeld ‘n growwer tekstuur as mielielande. Sand lyk glad, terwyl ruigtes/bossieveld wollerig voorkom.

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
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A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
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what is inorganic
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Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
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A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
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"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
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Magreth
progressive wave
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A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
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Source:  OpenStax, Aardrykskunde graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 14, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11054/1.1
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