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Aardrykskunde

Graad 5

Hulpbronne

Module 22

Hernubaar en nie-hernubaar: water

Hulpbronne wat nie opgebruik kan word nie, word hernubaar genoem.

Hulpbronne wat opgebruik kan word , word nie-hernubaar genoem.

  • Party hulpbronne, soos mielies en koring, kan elke seisoen gekweek word. Al gebruik ons dit op, kan ons nog produseer wanneer dit nodig is (hernubaar). Ander hulpbronne, soos steenkool, kan nie vervang word nie(nie-hernubaar). As al Suid-Afrika se steenkool opgebruik is, sal ons ander bronne van energie moet gebruik.

Reënwater wat hoog in die berge in damme opgevang en dan vir die opwek van elektrisiteit gebruik word, is ’n hernubare bron. Die mens kan nie deur swak bestuur die reënval beïnvloed nie. Die enigste hulpbronne wat werklik hernubaar is en nooit uitgeput kan raak nie, is die son, maan en die wind! Al drie is bronne van energie.

Ons sou nie sonder energie kon leef nie. Energie is noodsaaklik vir verhitting, vervoer, gaarmaak en vele meer. Daar word ook baie energie gebruik in die verwerking van hulpbronne en vervaardiging van produkte. Ons meeste energie kom van nie-hernubare natuurlike hulpbronne soos steenkool, natuurlike gasse en olie. As hierdie fossielbrandstowwe opgebruik is, kan hul nie vervang word nie.

1. WATER vir die opwek van elektrisiteit

Water kan nie op enige plek vir die opwek van elektrisiteit gebruik word nie. ’n Dam met ’n hoë wal moet gebou word, verkieslik hoog bo in die berge.

Soos water uit ’n tuinslang spuit, spuit ’n sterk straal water in ’n pyp onder deur die wal op ’n wiel wat baie vinnig draai en dan elektrisiteit opwek. Dit word ’n turbine genoem. Die elektrisiteit wat opgewek word, word hidroëlektrisiteit genoem. Die woord hidro beteken water of vloeistof. Baie min hidroëlektrisiteit word in Suid-Afrika opgewek.

Nadat die water deur die turbines gegaan het, word dit op die gewone manier vir drinkwater na stede en dorpe gelei, vir besproeiing gebruik of na die dam teruggepomp.

2. Waterskaarste en moontlike oplossings daarvoor

Probleme

Dit is reeds ‘n bekende feit dat die grootste deel van die binneland van Suid-Afrika ‘n warm, droë gebied is. Selfs die gebiede wat ‘n goeie reënval kry se neerslag is wisselvallig en seisoenaal.

Baie van die binnelandse riviere het net water gedurende die somerreënvalseisoen en die res van die jaar is hulle lope droog. Hulle word nie-standhoudende riviere genoem. Die rivier wat wel standhoudend is, het ook ‘n wisselende afloop – in die somermaande wanneer dit reën, het dit meer water en in die droë wintermaande minder. Watervalle, stroomversnellings en sandbanke kom ook in die riviere voor, omdat die water vinnig vloei teen die steil hellings en erosie veroorsaak.

Omdat die meeste reën ook in die somer val wanneer dit baie warm is, gaan omtrent 90 % van die reënwater weer deur verdamping verlore.

Meeste van die binneland se reënval is in die vorm van donderstorms. Dit beteken dat baie reën in ‘n kort tydjie val en die water kry dan nie kans om in die grond in te sak nie. Dit vloei weg na riviere waartydens ernstige erosie plaasvind. Hierdie bogrondse water word dus vanaf die ooste al hoe minder soos die reënval weswaarts afneem. Namate die bogrondse water minder word, verminder die plantegroei daarmee saam. Gereëlde DROOGTES kom voor en die probleem vererger.

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Source:  OpenStax, Sosiale wetenskappe: aardrykskunde graad 5. OpenStax CNX. Sep 22, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10985/1.2
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