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Sosiale wetenskappe

Aardrykskunde

Graad 8

Kaartwerk

Module 16

Die lees van kontoerpatrone op ‘n topografiese kaart

1. Die lees van kontoerpatrone op ’n topografiese kaart

a) ’n Steil helling en ’n geleidelike helling

  • By ’n geleidelike helling is die kontoerlyne verder uitmekaar.
  • By ’n steil helling is die kontoerlyne nader aan mekaar.

b) ’n Konvekse en ’n konkawe helling

c) ’n Tafelberg (mesa)

  • ’n Groot plat tafelagtige bokant word onderskei.

d) Tafelkop (butte) en spitskoppe

Spitskop

Tafelkop

  • By spitskoppe is die kontoere amper sirkelvormig en ewe ver van mekaar. Die kontoer met die hoogste waarde is in die middel.
  • By ’n tafelkop sal die binneste 2/3 kontoere na aan mekaar wees. Die binneste kontoer het ook die hoogste waarde maar ’n groter ovaalvormige oppervlak word hier ingesluit (die tafel).

e) ’n Krans of ’n waterval

  • Waar twee of drie kontoerlyne bo op mekaar lê ontstaan ’n loodregte krans en word in bergagtige gebiede aangetref.
  • Sodra daar ’n rivier oor so ’n krans stort word dit ’n waterval genoem.

f) Bergreekse

  • Bergreekse se hoogte kontoerwaardes is ook in die middel, maar die hoë pieke sal afsonderlike punte maak. Hier kan ook riviere voorkom.

g) ’n Poort en ’n nek

Poort

Nek

  • Wanneer ’n rivier deur ’n nou deurgang in ’n bergreeks vloei, word dit ’n poort genoem. Die kranse is baie steil sodat die kontoere baie naby mekaar geleë is.
  • By ’n nek is daar ’n laagtepunt tussen twee koppies maar die laagte is nog steeds heelwat hoër geleë as die omliggende area.

h) ’n Riviervallei en ’n uitloper

  • Tussen twee rivervalleie word ’n uitloper gevorm.
  • By ’n riviervallei is die grootste hoogte aan die buitekant en daal die land na die binnekant.
  • By ’n uitloper word die grootste hoogte aan die binnekant aangetref en daarvandaan daal die land na die buitekant.

Bogenoemde landvorme sal nie almal op alle topografiese kaarte voorkom nie, maar baie van hulle sal op topografiese kaarte voorkom. Deur oefening sal ’n kaartleser gou in staat wees om hulle op topografiese kaarte uit te ken.

AKTIWITEIT 1

[LU 1.4]

1. Maak ’n kontoermodel.

a) Trek die verskillende kontoerlyne op aftrekpapier af.

b) Kry kartonbokse en sny elke kontoerlynvorm daarop uit.

c) Begin met die onderste een, naamlik 400 m en herhaal dit vir elkeen tot by 650 m.

d) Rangskik die karton-kontoerplate soos in die meegaande figuur en plak hulle op mekaar vas.

  1. Dit kan met gips (“plaster of paris”) afgerond word om sodoende ’n reliëfmodel te hê met verskillende landvorme.

2. Bestudeer die meegaande 1:50 000 topografiese kaart van Beaufort –Wes en kyk hoeveel van die landvorme op die kaart voorkom.

Werk in groepe en doen daarna verslag. Onthou om koördinate te gebruik as jy na ’n plek se ligging op ’n topografiese kaart verwys.

Assessering

Leeruitkomstes(LUs)
LU 1
Aardrykskundige OndersoekDie leerder is in staat om ondersoekvaardighede te gebruik om aardrykskundige en omgewingsbegrippe en -prosesse te ondersoek.
Assesseringstandaarde(ASe)
Dit is duidelik wanneer die leerder:
1.1 ‘n verskeidenheid geografiese en omgewingsbronne identifiseer en selekteer wat relevant tot die navorsing is;1.2 inligting vanaf kaarte en atlasse, asook grafiese en statistiese bronne, interpreteer;1.3 afstandberekening doen op kaarte en dit vergelyk met werklike afstand;1.4 fisiese en mensgemaakte eienskappe op lugfoto’s en kaarte identifiseer.

Memorandum

AKTIWITEIT1:

  1. Verskillende topografiese sketskaarte kan aan verskillende groepe gegee word. Verskillende kontoermodelle word dan gebou en per groep geëvalueer.
  2. Een verslag per groep word ingehandig vir evaluering.

Questions & Answers

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Amanyire Reply
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Dakolo Reply
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
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Skinner skipped the whole unconscious phenomenon and rather emphasized on classical conditioning
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Source:  OpenStax, Aardrykskunde graad 8. OpenStax CNX. Sep 11, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11035/1.1
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