# 3.2 Vector addition and subtraction: graphical methods  (Page 5/15)

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## Conceptual questions

Which of the following is a vector: a person’s height, the altitude on Mt. Everest, the age of the Earth, the boiling point of water, the cost of this book, the Earth’s population, the acceleration of gravity?

Give a specific example of a vector, stating its magnitude, units, and direction.

What do vectors and scalars have in common? How do they differ?

Two campers in a national park hike from their cabin to the same spot on a lake, each taking a different path, as illustrated below. The total distance traveled along Path 1 is 7.5 km, and that along Path 2 is 8.2 km. What is the final displacement of each camper?

If an airplane pilot is told to fly 123 km in a straight line to get from San Francisco to Sacramento, explain why he could end up anywhere on the circle shown in [link] . What other information would he need to get to Sacramento?

Suppose you take two steps $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ and $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ (that is, two nonzero displacements). Under what circumstances can you end up at your starting point? More generally, under what circumstances can two nonzero vectors add to give zero? Is the maximum distance you can end up from the starting point $\mathbf{\text{A}}+\mathbf{\text{B}}$ the sum of the lengths of the two steps?

Explain why it is not possible to add a scalar to a vector.

If you take two steps of different sizes, can you end up at your starting point? More generally, can two vectors with different magnitudes ever add to zero? Can three or more?

## Problems&Exercises

Use graphical methods to solve these problems. You may assume data taken from graphs is accurate to three digits.

Find the following for path A in [link] : (a) the total distance traveled, and (b) the magnitude and direction of the displacement from start to finish.

(a) $\text{480 m}$

(b) $\text{379 m}$ , $\text{18.4º}$ east of north

Find the following for path B in [link] : (a) the total distance traveled, and (b) the magnitude and direction of the displacement from start to finish.

Find the north and east components of the displacement for the hikers shown in [link] .

north component 3.21 km, east component 3.83 km

Suppose you walk 18.0 m straight west and then 25.0 m straight north. How far are you from your starting point, and what is the compass direction of a line connecting your starting point to your final position? (If you represent the two legs of the walk as vector displacements $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ and $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ , as in [link] , then this problem asks you to find their sum .)

Suppose you first walk 12.0 m in a direction $\text{20º}$ west of north and then 20.0 m in a direction $\text{40.0º}$ south of west. How far are you from your starting point, and what is the compass direction of a line connecting your starting point to your final position? (If you represent the two legs of the walk as vector displacements $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ , as in [link] , then this problem finds their sum .)

$\text{19}\text{.}\text{5 m}$ , $4\text{.}\text{65º}$ south of west

Repeat the problem above, but reverse the order of the two legs of the walk; show that you get the same final result. That is, you first walk leg $\mathbf{B}$ , which is 20.0 m in a direction exactly $\text{40º}$ south of west, and then leg $\mathbf{A}$ , which is 12.0 m in a direction exactly $\text{20º}$ west of north. (This problem shows that $\mathbf{A}+\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{B}+\mathbf{A}$ .)

(a) Repeat the problem two problems prior, but for the second leg you walk 20.0 m in a direction $\text{40.0º}$ north of east (which is equivalent to subtracting $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ from $\mathbf{A}$ —that is, to finding $\mathbf{\text{R}}\prime =\mathbf{\text{A}}-\mathbf{\text{B}}$ ). (b) Repeat the problem two problems prior, but now you first walk 20.0 m in a direction $\text{40.0º}$ south of west and then 12.0 m in a direction $\text{20.0º}$ east of south (which is equivalent to subtracting $\mathbf{\text{A}}$ from $\mathbf{\text{B}}$ —that is, to finding $\mathbf{\text{R}}\prime \prime =\mathbf{\text{B}}-\mathbf{\text{A}}=-\mathbf{\text{R}}\prime$ ). Show that this is the case.

(a) $\text{26}\text{.}\text{6 m}$ , $\text{65}\text{.}\text{1º}$ north of east

(b) $\text{26}\text{.}\text{6 m}$ , $\text{65}\text{.}\text{1º}$ south of west

Show that the order of addition of three vectors does not affect their sum. Show this property by choosing any three vectors $\mathbf{A}$ , $\mathbf{B}$ , and $\mathbf{C}$ , all having different lengths and directions. Find the sum then find their sum when added in a different order and show the result is the same. (There are five other orders in which $\mathbf{A}$ , $\mathbf{B}$ , and $\mathbf{C}$ can be added; choose only one.)

Show that the sum of the vectors discussed in [link] gives the result shown in [link] .

$\text{52}\text{.}\text{9 m}$ , $\text{90}\text{.}\text{1º}$ with respect to the x -axis.

Find the magnitudes of velocities ${v}_{\text{A}}$ and ${v}_{\text{B}}$ in [link]

Find the components of ${v}_{\text{tot}}$ along the x - and y -axes in [link] .

x -component 4.41 m/s

y -component 5.07 m/s

Find the components of ${v}_{\text{tot}}$ along a set of perpendicular axes rotated $\text{30º}$ counterclockwise relative to those in [link] .

Water is flowing in a pipe with a varying cross-sectional area, and at all points the water completely fills the pipe. At point 1 the cross-sectional area of the pipe is 0.077 m2, and the magnitude of the fluid velocity is 3.50 m/s. (a) What is the fluid speed at points in the pipe where the cross
A particle behave like a wave and we do not why?
WAQAR
what's the period of velocity 4cm/s at displacement 10cm
What is physics
the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy. The subject matter of physics includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, and the structure of atoms.
Aluko
and the word of matter is anything that have mass and occupied space
Aluko
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Whats the formula
1/v+1/u=1/f
Aluko
what aspect of black body spectrum forced plank to purpose quantization of energy level in its atoms and molicules
a man has created by who?
What type of experimental evidence indicates that light is a wave
double slit experiment
Eric
The S. L. Unit of sound energy is
what's the conversation like?
some sort of blatherring or mambo jambo you may say
I still don't understand what this group is all about oo
ENOBONG
no
uchenna
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what is sound?
Bella
what is upthrust
what is upthrust
Olisa
Up thrust is a force
Samuel
upthrust is a upward force that acts vertical in the ground surface.
Rodney
Paul
what is centre of gravity?
Paul
you think the human body could produce such Force
Anthony
what is wave
mirobiology
Angel
what is specific latent heat
the total amount of heat energy required to change the physical state of a unit mass of matter without a corresponding change in temperature.
fitzgerald
is there any difference between specific heat and heat capacity.....
what wave
Bryan
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what is physics