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1960’s saw further vindication of S. Chandrashekher when in 1967 first PULSARS were detected. Discovery of PULSARS made Arthur Eddington eat a humble pie.

In 1961 S. Chandrashekher started work on General Theory of Relativity. In 1982 his authoritative treatise on Black Holes was published. 1983 saw his ultimate vindication when he shared Nobel Prize in Physics with William A.Fowler. S. Chandrashekher won his laurels for his original doctoral dissertation in 1930 which established Chandrashekher Limit 1.4MӨ. Fowler won his award for his theory of Nucleosynthesis of elements.

In 1999, NASA named its Chandra X-ray Orbiting Observatory after him.

Appendix VIII

Har Gobind Khurana

Har Gobind Khorana , or Hargobind Khorana (born January 9, 1922) is an Indian American molecular biologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg) in 1968 for his work on the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966, and subsequently received the National Medal of Science. He currently lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States serving as MIT's Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry, Emeritus.

Appendix IX

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly to

 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan , MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom

 Thomas A. Steitz, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

 Ada E. Yonath, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

This year's Nobel Prize for Chemistry awards research into one of life's most important processes: the ribosome's translation of DNA information into life. Ribosomes produce proteins, which in turn control the chemistry in all living organisms. There are DNA molecules inside every cell of all organisms. These molecules contain the blueprints for how a human being, a plant or a bacterium, looks and functions.

The blueprints of the DNA molecules become transformed into living matter through the ribosomes. Based upon the information in DNA, ribosomes create proteins: oxygen-transporting haemoglobin, antibodies of the immune system, hormones such as insulin, the collagen of the skin, or enzymes. There are tens of thousands of proteins in the body and they all have different forms and functions.

The knowledge about the ribosome's inner workings is put to practical use in many of today's antibiotics which cure diseases by blocking the function of bacterial ribosomes. Bacteria cannot survive without functional ribosomes, so ribosomes are an important target for new antibiotics.

Appendix X

Jagdish Chandra Bose

(November 30, 1858 – November 23, 1937) born in a [[Bengali people|Bengali] Hindu Kayasth family was a polymath : a physicist , biologist , botanist , archaeologist , and writer of science fiction . [1] He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics , made very significant contributions to plant science , and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent . [2] He is considered one of the fathers of radio science, [3] and is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction . He was the first person from the Indian subcontinent to get a US patent , in 1904.

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Source:  OpenStax, Solid state physics and devices-the harbinger of third wave of civilization. OpenStax CNX. Sep 15, 2014 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11170/1.89
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