# 2.2 Graphs of the other trigonometric functions  (Page 7/9)

 Page 7 / 9

The cotangent graph has vertical asymptotes at each value of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0;\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ we show these in the graph below with dashed lines. Since the cotangent is the reciprocal of the tangent, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cot}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ has vertical asymptotes at all values of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cot}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ at all values of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ has its vertical asymptotes.

## Features of the graph of y = A Cot( Bx )

• The stretching factor is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}|A|.$
• The period is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}P=\frac{\pi }{|B|}.$
• The domain is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\ne \frac{\pi }{|B|}k,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is an integer.
• The range is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\infty ,\infty \right).$
• The asymptotes occur at $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=\frac{\pi }{|B|}k,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is an integer.
• $y=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is an odd function.

## Graphing variations of y = cot x

We can transform the graph of the cotangent in much the same way as we did for the tangent. The equation becomes the following.

$y=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx-C\right)+D$

## Properties of the graph of y = A Cot( Bx −c)+ D

• The stretching factor is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}|A|.$
• The period is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\pi }{|B|}.$
• The domain is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\ne \frac{C}{B}+\frac{\pi }{|B|}k,$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is an integer.
• The range is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\mathrm{-\infty },-|A|\right]\cup \left[|A|,\infty \right).$
• The vertical asymptotes occur at $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=\frac{C}{B}+\frac{\pi }{|B|}k,$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is an integer.
• There is no amplitude.
• $y=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is an odd function because it is the quotient of even and odd functions (cosine and sine, respectively)

Given a modified cotangent function of the form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx\right),$ graph one period.

1. Express the function in the form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx\right).$
2. Identify the stretching factor, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}|A|.$
3. Identify the period, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}P=\frac{\pi }{|B|}.$
4. Draw the graph of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=A\mathrm{tan}\left(Bx\right).$
5. Plot any two reference points.
6. Use the reciprocal relationship between tangent and cotangent to draw the graph of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx\right).$
7. Sketch the asymptotes.

## Graphing variations of the cotangent function

Determine the stretching factor, period, and phase shift of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=3\mathrm{cot}\left(4x\right),\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and then sketch a graph.

• Step 1. Expressing the function in the form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ gives $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=3\mathrm{cot}\left(4x\right).$
• Step 2. The stretching factor is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}|A|=3.$
• Step 3. The period is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}P=\frac{\pi }{4}.$
• Step 4. Sketch the graph of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=3\mathrm{tan}\left(4x\right).$
• Step 5. Plot two reference points. Two such points are $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\frac{\pi }{16},3\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\frac{3\pi }{16},-3\right).$
• Step 6. Use the reciprocal relationship to draw $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=3\mathrm{cot}\left(4x\right).$
• Step 7. Sketch the asymptotes, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=\frac{\pi }{4}.$

The orange graph in [link] shows $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=3\mathrm{tan}\left(4x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and the blue graph shows $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=3\mathrm{cot}\left(4x\right).$

Given a modified cotangent function of the form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx-C\right)+D,\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ graph one period.

1. Express the function in the form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx-C\right)+D.$
2. Identify the stretching factor, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}|A|.$
3. Identify the period, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}P=\frac{\pi }{|B|}.$
4. Identify the phase shift, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{C}{B}.$
5. Draw the graph of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y=A\mathrm{tan}\left(Bx\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ shifted to the right by $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{C}{B}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and up by $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}D.$
6. Sketch the asymptotes $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=\frac{C}{B}+\frac{\pi }{|B|}k,$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is an integer.
7. Plot any three reference points and draw the graph through these points.

## Graphing a modified cotangent

Sketch a graph of one period of the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=4\mathrm{cot}\left(\frac{\pi }{8}x-\frac{\pi }{2}\right)-2.$

• Step 1. The function is already written in the general form $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=A\mathrm{cot}\left(Bx-C\right)+D.$
• Step 2. $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}A=4,$ so the stretching factor is 4.
• Step 3. $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}B=\frac{\pi }{8},$ so the period is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}P=\frac{\pi }{|B|}=\frac{\pi }{\frac{\pi }{8}}=8.$
• Step 4. $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}C=\frac{\pi }{2},$ so the phase shift is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{C}{B}=\frac{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\frac{\pi }{8}}=4.$
• Step 5. We draw $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=4\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{8}x-\frac{\pi }{2}\right)-2.$
• Step 6-7. Three points we can use to guide the graph are $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(6,2\right),\left(8,-2\right),\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(10,-6\right).\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ We use the reciprocal relationship of tangent and cotangent to draw $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=4\mathrm{cot}\left(\frac{\pi }{8}x-\frac{\pi }{2}\right)-2.$
• Step 8. The vertical asymptotes are $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=4\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=12.$

The graph is shown in [link] .

Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Privacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a
Good
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!