RNA polymerase is the main protein that creates the RNA transcript
Proteins called transcription factors help RNA polymerase and regulate it's function.
2 types of transcription factors: basal tfs and modulatory tfs.
Basal transcription factors - required for all transcription events.
Modulatory transcription factors - regulate expression of genes. Both positive and negative regulation.
Transcription factors can act from relatively far away. Up to 10kb!
pre-mRNA transcripts are spliced to remove exons.
Alternative splicing allows the cell to combine exons differently in the final mRNA transcript from the same pre-mRNA transcript.
Transcription in five easy steps
Transcription of DNA to pre-mRNA. DNA, RNA polymerase and transcription factors.
Addition of 5' methyl guanosine cap to pre-mRNA transcript.
Splicing of pre-mRNA transcript (yields mRNA proper)
Addition of 3' poly(A) tail to mRNA transcript.
mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm.
5 steps of mrna preparation
Rna polymerase - main protein that creates rna transcript.
RNA polynmerase is the protein whose job it is to 'read' the genetic code and create a complimentary RNA transcript from that code. Eukaryotes have three different types of RNA polymerases: RNA polymerase I, II, and III. RNA polymerase II is the from of polymerase that transcribes most genes and is the form of polymerase with which we need to concern ourselves.
Initiation of transcription
Transcription initiation in eukaryotes is complicated, and the details are not entirely understood (although we do have a good grasp on the basic mechanism). The fully assembled eukaryotic transcription inititation complex contains more than 50 polypeptides. RNA polymerase II has more than 10 polypeptide subunits by itself. Keep in mind that the process outlined below is a generalization, and any given, specific transcription event will probably vary some in the details. For example, although the TATA box is the most strongly conserved promoter sequence, it is by no means present in every eukaryotic promoter. Also, there is some debate as the importance of the order of the binding of the proteins in the initiation complex: it was thought that a specific order was vital, now, however, new evidence suggests that reaching the end binding state may be what is really important, whatever the order.
Transcription factors - help/regulate rna polymerase's function
Transcription factors (tfs) are proteins involved with transcription - except for RNA polymerase. Transcription factors can be broken down into two groups: basal tfs and modulatory tfs. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases are not capable of initiating transcription alone, they require the assistance of a set of basal transcription factors. Basal tfs assist RNA polymerase in the recognition of promoter sequences and unwiding the DNA double helix, among other functions. Basal tfs are necessary for every transcription event. Modulatory transcription factors regulate the expression of a gene, or a set of gene. These tfs are important because they allow the body to differentially express genes at different times and different places in the body. Modulatory tfs are vital for multicellular life. They allow the body to create different cells, tissues, and organs.
Questions & Answers
differentiate between demand and supply
giving examples
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline.
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
ok
Shukri
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but
Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has
The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50.
A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility.
B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier.
C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price.
D,alculate optimum level of output .
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product
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Source:
OpenStax, Statistical machine learning for computational biology. OpenStax CNX. Oct 14, 2007 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10455/1.2
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