# 13.6 How to use excel for regression analysis  (Page 4/4)

 Page 4 / 4

Looking at the third panel of output we can write the equation as:

$Y={b}_{0}+{b}_{1}{X}_{1}+{b}_{2}{X}_{2}+e$

where b 0 is the intercept, b 1 is the estimated coefficient on price, and b 2 is the estimated coefficient on income and e is the error term. The equation is written in Roman letters indicating that these are the estimated values and not the population parameters, β’s.

Our estimated equation is:

$\text{Tons of Bricks}=91.73-3.22\text{(Price)}+0.0000167\text{(Income)}$

In other words, increasing the price by one dollar will lead to a 3.22-ton reduction in bricks purchased. Similarly, increasing per capita national income by one thousand dollars will lead to a 0.0167 ton increase in bricks consumed. This should make intuitive sense from economic theory, as price increases lead to less quantity demanded as people substitute away from bricks as a building material. As income increases the quantity demanded increases as people build more houses and office buildings and need more bricks. It is important to have a theory first that predicts the significance or at least the direction of the coefficients. Without a theory to test, this research tool is not much more helpful than the correlation coefficient we learned about earlier.

We cannot stop there. We need to first check whether our coefficients are statistically significant from zero. We set up a hypothesis of:

${H}_{0}:{\beta }_{1}=0$
${H}_{a}:{\beta }_{1}\ne 0$

for both coefficients. Recall from earlier that we will not be able to definitively say that our estimated b 1 is the actual real population β 1 , but rather that with 1-α % confidence we cannot reject the null hypothesis that our calculated b 1 is the true β 1 significantly different from zero. The analyst is making a claim that the price causes an impact on quantity demanded. The claim is therefore in the alternative hypothesis. It will take a very small probability, 0.05 in this case, of being wrong, to overthrow the null hypothesis, the status quo, that β= 0. In all regression hypothesis tests the claim is in the alternative and the claim is that the theory has found a variable that has a significant impact on the Y variable.

The test statistic follows the standardizing formula:

${t}_{c}=\frac{{b}_{1}-{\beta }_{0}}{{S}_{{b}_{1}}}$

The computer calculates this test statistic and presents it as “t stat”. You can find this value to the right of the standard error of the coefficient estimate. To reach a conclusion we compare this test statistic with the critical value of the student’s t at degrees of freedom n-2-1 = 16, and alpha=0.025 (95% confidence for a two-tailed test). Our t stat for b1 is -3.54 which is greater than 2.12 (the value you looked up in the t table), so we cannot accept our null hypothesis of no effect. We conclude that Price has a significant effect on Y because the calculated t value is in the tail. You can conduct the same test for b2. This time the calculated t statistic of the coefficient for the per capita income is not in the tail; t stat of 0.145. A t stat of 0.145 says that the estimated coefficient is only a very small number of standard deviations away from zero. We cannot reject the null hypothesis of no relationship; with these data we do not find that per capita income has a significant effect on the demand for bricks.

These tests tell us whether or not an individual coefficient is significantly different from zero, but does not address the overall quality of the model. We have seen that the R squared adjusted for degrees of freedom indicates this model with these two variable explains 70% of the variation in quantity of bricks demanded. We can also conduct a second test of the model taken as a whole. This is the F test presented in section 13.4 of this chapter. Because this is a multiple regression (more than one X), we use the F-test to determine if our coefficients collectively affect Y. The hypothesis is:

${H}_{0}:{\beta }_{1}={\beta }_{2}=...=\beta i=0$
${H}_{a}:\text{"at least one of the}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}{\beta }_{i}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{is not equal to 0"}$

Under the ANOVA section of the output we find the calculated F statistic for this hypothesis. For this example the F statistic is 21.9. Again, comparing the calculated F statistic with the critical value given our desired level of confidence and the degrees of freedom will allow us to reach a conclusion. The critical value can be found in an F Table knowing that we have (n-3)=16 degrees of freedom and setting α/2 = 0.025 (95% confidence). The critical value is determined to be 2.12 and therefore we cannot accept the null hypotheses because the calculated F is in the tail. By not being able to accept the null hypotheses we conclude that this specification of this model has validity because at least one of the estimated coefficients is significantly different from zero. Since F-calculated is greater than F-critical, we can reject H 0 , meaning that X 1 and X 2 together has a significant effect on Y.

An alternative way to reach this conclusion is to use the p-value comparison rule. The p-value is the area in the tail, given the calculated F statistic. In essence, the computer is finding the F value in the table for us. Under “significance F” is this probability. For this example it is calculated to be 2.6 x 10 -5 , or 2.6 then moving the decimal five places to the left. (.000026) This is an almost infinitesimal level of probability and is certainly less than our alpha level at 95% confidence. Again we concluded that we cannot accept the null hypothesis.

The development of computing machinery and the software useful for academic and business research has made it possible to answer questions that just a few years ago we could not even formulate. Data is available in electronic format and can be moved into place for analysis in ways and at speeds that were unimaginable a decade ago. The sheer magnitude of data sets that can today be used for research and analysis gives us a higher quality of results than in days past. Even with only an Excel spreadsheet we can conduct very high level research. This section gives you the tools to conduct some of this very interesting research with the only limit being your imagination.

anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!