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1. This time-domain signal shows clear segmentation between different numbers.

an envelope with a blue page

2.This shows a normalized spectrogram of the number “1”. Formants are visible but not clear.

an envelope with a blue page

3. Enhanced by a non-linear filter to emphasize the difference between peak values and background. Formants are much more distinct.

an envelope with a blue page

4. This shows the filtered spectrum in the Mel-scale, a logarithmic scale that models human hearing. Corner-frequency of 700 Hz used.

an envelope with a blue page

5. Weighted scatter plot with contours of the maximum likelihood GMM overlaid, showing the formants.

an envelope with a blue page

6. The GMM generated by the Mel-scale signal differs greatly from the linear-frequency version.

an envelope with a blue page

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Source:  OpenStax, Elec 301 projects fall 2011. OpenStax CNX. Jun 18, 2012 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11431/1.1
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