# 10.5 Angular momentum and its conservation  (Page 3/7)

 Page 3 / 7

What we have here is, in fact, another conservation law. If the net torque is zero , then angular momentum is constant or conserved . We can see this rigorously by considering $\text{net}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\tau =\frac{\text{Δ}L}{\text{Δ}t}$ for the situation in which the net torque is zero. In that case,

$\text{net}\tau =0$

implying that

$\frac{\text{Δ}L}{\text{Δ}t}=0.$

If the change in angular momentum $\text{Δ}L$ is zero, then the angular momentum is constant; thus,

$L=\text{constant}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\left(\text{net}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\tau =0\right)$

or

$L=L\prime \text{}\left(\text{net}\tau =0\right).$

These expressions are the law of conservation of angular momentum    . Conservation laws are as scarce as they are important.

An example of conservation of angular momentum is seen in [link] , in which an ice skater is executing a spin. The net torque on her is very close to zero, because there is relatively little friction between her skates and the ice and because the friction is exerted very close to the pivot point. (Both $F$ and $r$ are small, and so $\tau$ is negligibly small.) Consequently, she can spin for quite some time. She can do something else, too. She can increase her rate of spin by pulling her arms and legs in. Why does pulling her arms and legs in increase her rate of spin? The answer is that her angular momentum is constant, so that

$L=L\prime .$

Expressing this equation in terms of the moment of inertia,

$\mathrm{I\omega }=I\prime \omega \prime ,$

where the primed quantities refer to conditions after she has pulled in her arms and reduced her moment of inertia. Because $I\prime$ is smaller, the angular velocity $\omega \prime$ must increase to keep the angular momentum constant. The change can be dramatic, as the following example shows.

## Calculating the angular momentum of a spinning skater

Suppose an ice skater, such as the one in [link] , is spinning at 0.800 rev/ s with her arms extended. She has a moment of inertia of $2\text{.}\text{34}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}$ with her arms extended and of $0\text{.}\text{363}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}$ with her arms close to her body. (These moments of inertia are based on reasonable assumptions about a 60.0-kg skater.) (a) What is her angular velocity in revolutions per second after she pulls in her arms? (b) What is her rotational kinetic energy before and after she does this?

Strategy

In the first part of the problem, we are looking for the skater’s angular velocity $\omega \prime$ after she has pulled in her arms. To find this quantity, we use the conservation of angular momentum and note that the moments of inertia and initial angular velocity are given. To find the initial and final kinetic energies, we use the definition of rotational kinetic energy given by

${\text{KE}}_{\text{rot}}=\frac{1}{2}{\mathrm{I\omega }}^{2}.$

Solution for (a)

Because torque is negligible (as discussed above), the conservation of angular momentum given in $\mathrm{I\omega }=I\prime \omega \prime$ is applicable. Thus,

$L=L\prime$

or

$\mathrm{I\omega }=I\prime \omega \prime$

Solving for $\omega \prime$ and substituting known values into the resulting equation gives

$\begin{array}{lll}\omega \prime & =& \frac{I}{I\prime }\omega =\left(\frac{\text{2.34 kg}\cdot {m}^{2}}{0\text{.363 kg}\cdot {m}^{2}}\right)\left(\text{0.800 rev/s}\right)\\ & =& \text{}\text{5.16 rev/s.}\end{array}$

Calculate the work done by an 85.0-kg man who pushes a crate 4.00 m up along a ramp that makes an angle of 20.0º20.0º with the horizontal. (See [link] .) He exerts a force of 500 N on the crate parallel to the ramp and moves at a constant speed. Be certain to include the work he does on the crate an
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