# 1.3 Joint and conditional cdfs and pdfs

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This module introduces joint and conditional cdfs and pdfs

## Cumulative distribution functions

We define the joint cdf to be

$F(x, y)=((X\le x)\land (Y\le y))$
and conditional cdf to be
$F(|(x, y))=(Y\le y, X\le x)$
Hence we get the following rules:
• Conditional probability (cdf) :
$F(|(x, y))=(Y\le y, X\le x)=\frac{F(x, y)}{{F}_{Y}(y)}$
• Bayes Rule (cdf) :
$F(|(x, y))=\frac{F(|(y, x))F(x)}{F(y)}$
• Total probability (cdf) :
$F(x)$ F x
which follows because the event $Y$ itself forms a partition of the sample space.
Conditional cdf's have similar properties to standard cdf's, i.e. ${F}_{X|Y}(|(()))$ y 0 ${F}_{X|Y}(|())$ y 1

## Probability density functions

We define joint and conditional pdfs in terms of corresponding cdfs. The joint pad is defined to be

$f(x, y)=\frac{\partial^{2}F(x, y)}{\partial x\partial y}$
and the conditional pdf is defined to be
$f(|(x, y))=\frac{\partial^{1}\frac{d F(|(x, Y=y))}{d }}}{\partial x}$
where $\frac{d F(|(x, Y=y))}{d }}=(Y=y, X\le x)$ Note that $\frac{d F(|(x, Y=y))}{d }}$ is different from the conditional cdf $F(|(x, Y=y))$ , previously defined, but there is a slight problem. The event, $Y=y$ , has zero probability for continuous random variables, hence probability conditional on $Y=y$ is not directly defined and $\frac{d F(|(x, Y=y))}{d }}$ cannot be found by direct application of event-based probability. However all is OK if we consider it as a limitingcase:
$\frac{d F(|(x, Y=y))}{d }}=\lim_{\delta (y)\to 0}(y< Y\le y+\delta (y), X\le x)=\lim_{\delta (y)\to 0}\frac{F(x, y+\delta (y))-F(x, y)}{{F}_{Y}(y+\delta (y))-{F}_{Y}(y)}=\frac{\frac{\partial^{1}F(x, y)}{\partial y}}{{f}_{Y}(y)}$
Joint and conditional pdfs have similar properties andinterpretation to ordinary pdfs: $f(x, y)> 0$ $\int \int f(x, y)\,d x\,d y=1$ $f(|(x, y))> 0$ $\int f(|(x, y))\,d x=1$
From now on interpret $\int$ as ${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }$ unless otherwise stated.
For pdfs we get the following rules:
• Conditional pdf:
$f(|(x, y))=\frac{f(x, y)}{f(y)}$
• Bayes Rule (pdf):
$f(|(x, y))=\frac{f(|(y, x))f(x)}{f(y)}$
• Total Probability (pdf):
$\int f(|(y, x))f(x)\,d x=\int f(y, x)\,d x=f(y)\int f(|(x, y))\,d x=f(y)$
The final result is often referred to as the Marginalisation Integral and $f(y)$ as the Marginal Probability .

where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
nanopartical of organic/inorganic / physical chemistry , pdf / thesis / review
Ali
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
hey
Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
ya I also want to know the raman spectra
Bhagvanji
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
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