# 1.2 Results and applications

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This modules provides the results and measurements of our study.

Results and Conclusions

We find that given several different real world situations, we can effectively represent their blurring effects with a point spread function. This point spread function is critical in our ability to recover our original image. In our case, we have chosen several different situations with known blurring kernels to test the ability of the FTVd algorithm.

The FTVd algorithm is effective at recovering our original image, but this is highly dependent on the amount of blur and noise present in the image. With exceeding large amount of noise corruption, we will not be able to recover our signal. However, even with large amounts of blur, we still retrieve the image as long as we can effectively create a kernel to represent the functions that have acted on our signal.

For each of our images, we measured the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), which compares the similarity of two images pixel-by-pixel. The value of one pixel in image A is subtracted from its value in image B. This difference is squared, which gives us a positive number called the squared error for the pixel. We repeat this process across all pixels in both images to find the sum of these squared errors, and divide by the number of pixels. This gives the mean squared error (MSE). If the two images are identical, the difference between each pixel will be zero for all the pixels. Dividing by the number of pixels, will give a MSE of zero.

PSNR is calculated using the following equation:

$\text{PSNR}=\text{10}{\text{log}}_{\text{10}}\left(\frac{{\text{MAX}}^{2}}{\text{MSE}}\right)$

In our case, MAX = 1.

The following image shows the recovered image of handshake with L2 noise PSNR=41.97 dB:

The next image shows the recovered version of our foreground/background blur with L1 noise PSNR=34.50 dB:

The following graph shows the PSNR calculated for varying amounts of linear motion blur. It demonstrates the ability for an effective recovery every time. We can see that the PSNR of the recovered images was always with the range of about 30-50 dB, which compares favorably to the PSNR of common lossy compression ratios.

The next graph shows similar results for varied radii of our 2D disc. The graph shows resulting PSNR well within the range of 30-50dB.

The following table shows the PSNR for each all of our recovered images from their corresponding blurry and noisy observations.

 PSNR of Blurry and Noisy Observation (dB) PSNR of Recovered Images (dB) Blur Kernel L1 Salt and Pepper L2 Gaussian Noise L1 Salt and Pepper L2 Gaussian Noise Linear Motion 14.9163 23.6375 30.4995 36.5378 Handshake 14.9375 24.2680 32.1562 41.9656 Out of Focus 14.9695 28.8440 33.1344 38.0992 Foreground/ Background 15.0063 30.5060 34.5034 32.3670

Areas for Future Study

As the results show, the FTVd algorithm can be used to quickly deblur noisy images and is robust enough to handle moderate to severe amounts of blur while achieving an acceptable PSNR. Underlying these results, however, is the fundamental assumption that we have an accurate representation of the blur kernel. This is to say, the algorithm can reconstruct the clean image with some fidelity if we actually know or can determine the blur kernel. However, we still sacrifice some of the fine detail or sharp edges in our recovered image.

One of the methods to treat focus blur is to implement a coded aperture into the hardware of the camera lens. In this approach, a patterned mask is placed inside of the lens at the plane of the aperture. Out-of-focus photos taken with this setup will generate a specific pattern on the camera sensor, which can be used to produce a kernel.

To treat handshake blur, direct measurement of the blur kernel is possible using a high-speed camera and sensors. The problem of handshake blur was simplified in our study, as there are multiple factors that account for blur in an image. A more realistic handshake blur kernel would involve different kernels for different parts of the image. Image deblurring using these so-called “spatially-varying point spread functions” would operate much the same as in our study but would run on sections of the photo sequentially, inputting the kernel associated with the section of the photo examined at the time [3].

where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
nanopartical of organic/inorganic / physical chemistry , pdf / thesis / review
Ali
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
hey
Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
ya I also want to know the raman spectra
Bhagvanji
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
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