1.13 Reaction yields  (Page 4/9)

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Key concepts and summary

When reactions are carried out using less-than-stoichiometric quantities of reactants, the amount of product generated will be determined by the limiting reactant. The amount of product generated by a chemical reaction is its actual yield. This yield is often less than the amount of product predicted by the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation representing the reaction (its theoretical yield). The extent to which a reaction generates the theoretical amount of product is expressed as its percent yield.

Key equations

• $\text{percent yield}=\left(\frac{\text{actual yield}}{\text{theoretical yield}}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.4em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}100$

Chemistry end of chapter exercises

The following quantities are placed in a container: 1.5 $×$ 10 24 atoms of hydrogen, 1.0 mol of sulfur, and 88.0 g of diatomic oxygen.

(a) What is the total mass in grams for the collection of all three elements?

(b) What is the total number of moles of atoms for the three elements?

(c) If the mixture of the three elements formed a compound with molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom, and four oxygen atoms, which substance is consumed first?

(d) How many atoms of each remaining element would remain unreacted in the change described in (c)?

What is the limiting reactant in a reaction that produces sodium chloride from 8 g of sodium and 8 g of diatomic chlorine?

The limiting reactant is Cl2.

Which of the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory explains why we can calculate a theoretical yield for a chemical reaction?

A student isolated 25 g of a compound following a procedure that would theoretically yield 81 g. What was his percent yield?

$\text{Percent yield}=\text{31%}$

A sample of 0.53 g of carbon dioxide was obtained by heating 1.31 g of calcium carbonate. What is the percent yield for this reaction?

${\text{CaCO}}_{3}\left(s\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{CaO}\left(s\right)+{\text{CO}}_{2}\left(s\right)$

Freon-12, CCl 2 F 2 , is prepared from CCl 4 by reaction with HF. The other product of this reaction is HCl. Outline the steps needed to determine the percent yield of a reaction that produces 12.5 g of CCl 2 F 2 from 32.9 g of CCl 4 . Freon-12 has been banned and is no longer used as a refrigerant because it catalyzes the decomposition of ozone and has a very long lifetime in the atmosphere. Determine the percent yield.

$\text{g}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{CCl}}_{4}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{CCl}}_{4}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{CCl}}_{2}{\text{F}}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{g}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{CCl}}_{2}{\text{F}}_{2},$ $\text{percent yield}=\text{48.3%}$

Citric acid, C 6 H 8 O 7 , a component of jams, jellies, and fruity soft drinks, is prepared industrially via fermentation of sucrose by the mold Aspergillus niger . The equation representing this reaction is
${\text{C}}_{12}{\text{H}}_{22}{\text{O}}_{11}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}+3{\text{O}}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2{\text{C}}_{6}{\text{H}}_{8}{\text{O}}_{7}+4{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$

What mass of citric acid is produced from exactly 1 metric ton (1.000 $×$ 10 3 kg) of sucrose if the yield is 92.30%?

Toluene, C 6 H 5 CH 3 , is oxidized by air under carefully controlled conditions to benzoic acid, C 6 H 5 CO 2 H, which is used to prepare the food preservative sodium benzoate, C 6 H 5 CO 2 Na. What is the percent yield of a reaction that converts 1.000 kg of toluene to 1.21 kg of benzoic acid?

$2{\text{C}}_{6}{\text{H}}_{5}{\text{CH}}_{3}+3{\text{O}}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2{\text{C}}_{6}{\text{H}}_{5}{\text{CO}}_{2}\text{H}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$

$\text{percent yield}=\text{91.3%}$

In a laboratory experiment, the reaction of 3.0 mol of H 2 with 2.0 mol of I 2 produced 1.0 mol of HI. Determine the theoretical yield in grams and the percent yield for this reaction.

Outline the steps needed to solve the following problem, then do the calculations. Ether, (C 2 H 5 ) 2 O, which was originally used as an anesthetic but has been replaced by safer and more effective medications, is prepared by the reaction of ethanol with sulfuric acid.

2C 2 H 5 OH + H 2 SO 4 ⟶ (C 2 H 5 ) 2 + H 2 SO 4 ·H 2 O

What is the percent yield of ether if 1.17 L (d = 0.7134 g/mL) is isolated from the reaction of 1.500 L of C 2 H 5 OH
(d = 0.7894 g/mL)?

Convert mass of ethanol to moles of ethanol; relate the moles of ethanol to the moles of ether produced using the stoichiometry of the balanced equation. Convert moles of ether to grams; divide the actual grams of ether (determined through the density) by the theoretical mass to determine the percent yield; 87.6%

Outline the steps needed to determine the limiting reactant when 30.0 g of propane, C 3 H 8 , is burned with 75.0 g of oxygen.

Determine the limiting reactant.

Outline the steps needed to determine the limiting reactant when 0.50 mol of Cr and 0.75 mol of H 3 PO 4 react according to the following chemical equation.
$2\text{Cr}+2{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{PO}}_{4}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2{\text{CrPO}}_{4}+3{\text{H}}_{2}$

Determine the limiting reactant.

The conversion needed is $\text{mol Cr}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{H}}_{3}{\text{PO}}_{4}.$ Then compare the amount of Cr to the amount of acid present. Cr is the limiting reactant.

What is the limiting reactant when 1.50 g of lithium and 1.50 g of nitrogen combine to form lithium nitride, a component of advanced batteries, according to the following unbalanced equation?
$\text{Li}+{\text{N}}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Li}}_{3}\text{N}$

Uranium can be isolated from its ores by dissolving it as UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 , then separating it as solid UO 2 (C 2 O 4 )·3H 2 O. Addition of 0.4031 g of sodium oxalate, Na 2 C 2 O 4 , to a solution containing 1.481 g of uranyl nitrate, UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 , yields 1.073 g of solid UO 2 (C 2 O 4 )·3H 2 O.

Na 2 C 2 O 4 + UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 + 3H 2 O ⟶ UO 2 (C 2 O 4 )·3H 2 O + 2NaNO 3

Determine the limiting reactant and the percent yield of this reaction.

Na 2 C 2 O 4 is the limiting reactant. percent yield = 86.6%

How many molecules of C 2 H 4 Cl 2 can be prepared from 15 C 2 H 4 molecules and 8 Cl 2 molecules?

How many molecules of the sweetener saccharin can be prepared from 30 C atoms, 25 H atoms, 12 O atoms, 8 S atoms, and 14 N atoms?

Only four molecules can be made.

The phosphorus pentoxide used to produce phosphoric acid for cola soft drinks is prepared by burning phosphorus in oxygen.

(a) What is the limiting reactant when 0.200 mol of P 4 and 0.200 mol of O 2 react according to ${\text{P}}_{4}+5{\text{O}}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{P}}_{4}{\text{O}}_{10}$

(b) Calculate the percent yield if 10.0 g of P 4 O 10 is isolated from the reaction.

Would you agree to buy 1 trillion (1,000,000,000,000) gold atoms for \$5? Explain why or why not. Find the current price of gold at http://money.cnn.com/data/commodities/ $\left(\text{1 troy ounce}=\text{31.1 g}\right)$

This amount cannot be weighted by ordinary balances and is worthless.

Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
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Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
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why?
what school?
Kyle
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Joe
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research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
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absolutely yes
Daniel
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it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
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NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
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Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
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Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
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Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
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Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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