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1.1 Parametric equations  (Page 4/14)

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Find two different sets of parametric equations to represent the graph of y = x 2 + 2 x .

One possibility is x ( t ) = t , y ( t ) = t 2 + 2 t . Another possibility is x ( t ) = 2 t − 3 , y ( t ) = ( 2 t − 3 ) 2 + 2 ( 2 t − 3 ) = 4 t 2 − 8 t + 3 .

There are, in fact, an infinite number of possibilities.

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Cycloids and other parametric curves

Imagine going on a bicycle ride through the country. The tires stay in contact with the road and rotate in a predictable pattern. Now suppose a very determined ant is tired after a long day and wants to get home. So he hangs onto the side of the tire and gets a free ride. The path that this ant travels down a straight road is called a cycloid    ( [link] ). A cycloid generated by a circle (or bicycle wheel) of radius a is given by the parametric equations

x ( t ) = a ( t − sin t ) , y ( t ) = a ( 1 − cos t ) .

To see why this is true, consider the path that the center of the wheel takes. The center moves along the x -axis at a constant height equal to the radius of the wheel. If the radius is a , then the coordinates of the center can be given by the equations

x ( t ) = a t , y ( t ) = a

for any value of t . Next, consider the ant, which rotates around the center along a circular path. If the bicycle is moving from left to right then the wheels are rotating in a clockwise direction. A possible parameterization of the circular motion of the ant (relative to the center of the wheel) is given by

x ( t ) = − a sin t , y ( t ) = − a cos t .

(The negative sign is needed to reverse the orientation of the curve. If the negative sign were not there, we would have to imagine the wheel rotating counterclockwise.) Adding these equations together gives the equations for the cycloid.

x ( t ) = a ( t − sin t ) , y ( t ) = a ( 1 − cos t ) .
A series of circles with center marked and a point on the circle drawing out a curve as if the circle was rolling along a plane. The shape made seems to be half an ellipse with height the diameter of the original circle and with major axis the circumference of the circle.
A wheel traveling along a road without slipping; the point on the edge of the wheel traces out a cycloid.

Now suppose that the bicycle wheel doesn’t travel along a straight road but instead moves along the inside of a larger wheel, as in [link] . In this graph, the green circle is traveling around the blue circle in a counterclockwise direction. A point on the edge of the green circle traces out the red graph, which is called a hypocycloid .

Two circles are drawn both with center at the origin and with radii 3 and 4, respectively; the circle with radius 3 has an arrow pointing in the counterclockwise direction. There is a third circle drawn with center on the circle with radius 3 and touching the circle with radius 4 at one point. That is, this third circle has radius 1. A point is drawn on this third circle, and if it were to roll along the other two circles, it would draw out a four pointed star with points at (4, 0), (0, 4), (−4, 0), and (0, −4). On the graph there are also written two equations: x(t) = 3 cos(t) + cos(3t) and y(t) = 3 sin(t) – sin(3t).
Graph of the hypocycloid described by the parametric equations shown.

The general parametric equations for a hypocycloid are

x ( t ) = ( a − b ) cos t + b cos ( a − b b ) t y ( t ) = ( a − b ) sin t − b sin ( a − b b ) t .

These equations are a bit more complicated, but the derivation is somewhat similar to the equations for the cycloid. In this case we assume the radius of the larger circle is a and the radius of the smaller circle is b. Then the center of the wheel travels along a circle of radius a − b . This fact explains the first term in each equation above. The period of the second trigonometric function in both x ( t ) and y ( t ) is equal to 2 π b a − b .

The ratio a b is related to the number of cusps on the graph (cusps are the corners or pointed ends of the graph), as illustrated in [link] . This ratio can lead to some very interesting graphs, depending on whether or not the ratio is rational. [link] corresponds to a = 4 and b = 1 . The result is a hypocycloid with four cusps. [link] shows some other possibilities. The last two hypocycloids have irrational values for a b . In these cases the hypocycloids have an infinite number of cusps, so they never return to their starting point. These are examples of what are known as space-filling curves .
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Source:  OpenStax, Calculus volume 3. OpenStax CNX. Feb 05, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11966/1.2
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