# 0.9 Logarithms  (Page 2/4)

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$\text{SNR}=\text{10}{\text{log}}_{\text{10}}\left(\frac{{P}_{\text{signal}}}{{P}_{\text{noise}}}\right)\text{dB}$

where P signal and P noise represent the values for the signal power and noise power respectively.

At the receiver, the original signal arrives with an added noise component. Communication engineers use signal processing algorithms in the form of filters to minimize the power of the noise that is present in the received noisy signal while seeking to retain as much of the power of the original signal as possible. Such algorithms are based on the premise that although random, noise may well fall into different regions of angular frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum than the signal itself. Thus, frequency selective filters can be utilized to increase the signal-to-noise ratio.

Suppose that we represent the signal-to-noise ratio at the input to the signal processing algorithm as SNR in and that at its output as SNR out . For a good designs, SNR out will be significantly higher that that of SNR in . This increase in signal-to-noise ratio results in superior performance and more reliable communication of information.

Question: A signal with power 30 W is sent through a noisy communication channel. The noise introduced by the communication channel has an associated power of 5 W. What is the signal-to-noise ratio of the noisy signal that is received from the communication channel in decibels?

Solution: We can find the SNR by substituting the appropriate values for the parameters into equation (4)

$\text{SNR}=\text{10}{\text{log}}_{\text{10}}\left(\frac{{P}_{\text{signal}}}{{P}_{\text{noise}}}\right)=\text{10}{\text{log}}_{\text{10}}\left(\frac{\text{30}W}{5W}\right)=\text{10}{\text{log}}_{\text{10}}\left(6\right)=7\text{.}\text{78}\text{dB}$

Question: Consider the noisy signal described in Example 2. Suppose that a signal processing filter is applied to it. The filter reduces the noise power by 95% while it reduces the signal power by only 10%. What is the signal-to-noise ratio of the filtered output?

Solution: The amount of signal power present in the filtered output is 30 W – 0.1 (30 W) or 27 W. The amount of noise power present in the filtered output is 5 W – 0.95 (5 W) or 0.25 W.

The signal-to-noise ratio of the filtered output is

$\text{SNR}=\text{10}{\text{log}}_{\text{10}}\left(\frac{\text{27}W}{0\text{.}\text{25}W}\right)=\text{10}{\text{log}}_{\text{10}}\left(\text{108}\right)=\text{10}\cdot 2\text{.}\text{03}=\text{20}\text{.}\text{33}\text{dB}$

We see that the primary result obtained by the application of the signal processing filter is to raise the signal to noise ratio from 7.78 dB to 20.33 dB . This represents an increase in SNR of 20.33 – 7.78 dB = 12.55 dB . Along with this increase in SNR, one would observe an increase in reliable communication of information.

## Transient response (exponential decay)

The transient response of a circuit is response of a circuit that is expressed as a function of time. Determining the transient response of a circuits is important in that knowledge of the transient response reveals how a circuit will behave whenever perturbations arise, such as the opening or closing of a switch.

Let us examine the RC circuit present in the figure below

This circuit is called an RC circuit in that it contains a resistor and a capacitor.

The switch is open for values of time ( t ) less than 0. Thus for negative values of time there is no current flow. Because there is no current flow, the voltage across the resistor ( v ( t )) is zero. The capacitor is initially charged. The initial voltage across the capacitor (V 0 ) is 10 V.

Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
Can someone give me problems that involes radical expressions like area,volume or motion of pendulum with solution