# 0.8 The cooley-tukey fast fourier transform algorithm  (Page 2/8)

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$TF:\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{W}_{8}^{{n}_{2}{k}_{1}}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{W}^{0}& {W}^{0}\\ {W}^{0}& {W}^{1}\\ {W}^{0}& {W}^{2}\\ {W}^{0}& {W}^{3}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& W\\ 1& -j\\ 1& -jW\end{array}\right]$

The twiddle factor array will always have unity in the first row and first column.

To complete [link] at this point, after the row DFT's are multiplied by the TF array, the ${N}_{1}$ length- ${N}_{2}$ DFT's of the columns are calculated. However, since the columns DFT's are oflength ${R}^{M-1}$ , they can be posed as a ${R}^{M-2}$ by $R$ array and the process repeated, again using length- $R$ DFT's. After $M$ stages of length- $R$ DFT's with TF multiplications interleaved, the DFT is complete. The flow graph of a length-2 DFT is given in Figure 1 and is called a butterfly because of its shape. The flow graph of thecomplete length-8 radix-2 FFT is shown in Figure 2 .

This flow-graph, the twiddle factor map of [link] , and the basic equation [link] should be completely understood before going further.

A very efficient indexing scheme has evolved over the years that results in a compact and efficient computer program. A FORTRANprogram is given below that implements the radix-2 FFT. It should be studied [link] to see how it implements [link] and the flow-graph representation.

N2 = N DO 10 K = 1, MN1 = N2 N2 = N2/2E = 6.28318/N1 A = 0DO 20 J = 1, N2 C = COS (A)S =-SIN (A) A = J*EDO 30 I = J, N, N1 L = I + N2XT = X(I) - X(L) X(I) = X(I) + X(L)YT = Y(I) - Y(L) Y(I) = Y(I) + Y(L)X(L) = XT*C - YT*S Y(L) = XT*S + YT*C30 CONTINUE 20 CONTINUE10 CONTINUE A Radix-2 Cooley-Tukey FFT Program 

This discussion, the flow graph of Winograd’s Short DFT Algorithms: Figure 2 and the program of [link] are all based on the input index map of Multidimensional Index Mapping: Equation 6 and [link] and the calculations are performed in-place. According to Multidimensional Index Mapping: In-Place Calculation of the DFT and Scrambling , this means the output is scrambled in bit-reversed order and should be followed by anunscrambler to give the DFT in proper order. This formulation is called a decimation-in-frequency FFT [link] , [link] , [link] . A very similar algorithm based on the output index map can be derived whichis called a decimation-in-time FFT. Examples of FFT programs are found in [link] and in the Appendix of this book.

## Modifications to the basic cooley-tukey fft

Soon after the paper by Cooley and Tukey, there were improvements and extensions made. One very important discovery wasthe improvement in efficiency by using a larger radix of 4, 8 or even 16. For example, just as for the radix-2 butterfly, there areno multiplications required for a length-4 DFT, and therefore, a radix-4 FFT would have only twiddle factor multiplications. Becausethere are half as many stages in a radix-4 FFT, there would be half as many multiplications as in a radix-2 FFT. In practice, becausesome of the multiplications are by unity, the improvement is not by a factor of two, but it is significant. A radix-4 FFT is easilydeveloped from the basic radix-2 structure by replacing the length-2 butterfly by a length-4 butterfly and making a few othermodifications. Programs can be found in [link] and operation counts will be given in "Evaluation of the Cooley-Tukey FFT Algorithms" .

are nano particles real
yeah
Joseph
Hello, if I study Physics teacher in bachelor, can I study Nanotechnology in master?
no can't
Lohitha
where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
nanopartical of organic/inorganic / physical chemistry , pdf / thesis / review
Ali
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
hey
Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
has a lot of application modern world
Kamaluddeen
yes
narayan
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
ya I also want to know the raman spectra
Bhagvanji
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
Berger describes sociologists as concerned with
what is hormones?
Wellington
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