0.7 Bits to symbols to signals  (Page 4/8)

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The program pulseshape.m represents the “continuous-time” or analog signal by oversampling both the data sequenceand the pulse shape by a factor of M . This technique was discussed in [link] , where an “analog” sine wave sine100hzsamp.m was represented digitally at two sampling intervals, a slow digitalinterval ${T}_{s}$ and a faster rate (shorter interval) ${T}_{s}/M$ representing the underlying analog signal. The pulse shaping itself is carried out by the filter command which convolves the pulse shape with the data sequence.

str='Transmit this text string';        % message to be transmitted m=letters2pam(str); N=length(m);        % 4-level signal of length NM=10; mup=zeros(1,N*M); mup(1:M:N*M)=m;  % oversample by M ps=hamming(M);                          % blip pulse of width Mx=filter(ps,1,mup);                     % convolve pulse shape with data pulseshape.m applying a pulse shape to a text string (download file) 

Assume the sampling period is $T=0.1$ , and then plot the spectrum of the output x . What is the bandwidth of this signal?

Again with $T=0.1$ , plot the spectrum of the output x when the pulse shape is changed to a rectangular pulse. (Change the definition of ps in the next to last line of pulseshape.m .) What is the bandwidth of this signal?

Can you think of a pulse shape that will have a narrower bandwidth than either of the above but that will stillbe time limited by $T$ ? Implement it by changing the definition of ps , and check to see if you are correct.

Thus the raw message, the samples, are prepared for transmission by

• encoding into an alphabet (in this case $±1,±3$ ), and then
• pulse shaping the elements of the alphabet using $p\left(t\right)$ .

The receiver must undo these two operations; it must examine the received signal and recover the elementsof the alphabet, and then decode these to reconstruct the message. Both of these tasks are made easier using correlation, which isdiscussed in the next section. The actual decoding processes used in the receiverare then discussed in "Receive Filtering: From Signals to Symbols" .

Correlation

Suppose there are two signals or sequences. Are they similar, or are they different?If one is just shifted in time relative to the other, how can the time shift be determined?The approach called correlation shifts one of the sequences in time, and calculates how well they match (by multiplying pointby point and summing) at each shift. When the sum is small, they are not much alike;when the sum is large, many terms are similar. Thus, correlation is a simple form of pattern matching,which is useful in communication systems for aligning signals in time. This can be applied at the level ofsymbols when it is necessary to find appropriate sampling times, and it can be applied at the “frame” level when it is necessaryto find the start of a message (for instance, the beginning of each frame of a television signal). This section discussesvarious techniques of cross-correlation and autocorrelation, which can be viewed in either the time domain or thefrequency domain.

are nano particles real
yeah
Joseph
Hello, if I study Physics teacher in bachelor, can I study Nanotechnology in master?
no can't
Lohitha
where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
nanopartical of organic/inorganic / physical chemistry , pdf / thesis / review
Ali
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
hey
Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
has a lot of application modern world
Kamaluddeen
yes
narayan
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
ya I also want to know the raman spectra
Bhagvanji
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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