# 0.6 Winograd's short dft algorithms

 Page 1 / 11

The operation of discrete convolution defined by

$y\left(n\right)=\sum _{k}h\left(n-k\right)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}x\left(k\right)$

is called a bilinear operation because, for a fixed $h\left(n\right)$ , $y\left(n\right)$ is a linear function of $x\left(n\right)$ and for a fixed $x\left(n\right)$ it is a linear function of $h\left(n\right)$ . The operation of cyclic convolution is the same but with all indices evaluated modulo $N$ .

Recall from Polynomial Description of Signals: Equation 3 that length-N cyclic convolution of $x\left(n\right)$ and $h\left(n\right)$ can be represented by polynomial multiplication

$Y\left(s\right)=X\left(s\right)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}H\left(s\right)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\text{mod}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\left({s}^{N}-1\right)$

This bilinear operation of [link] and [link] can also be expressed in terms of linear matrix operators and a simpler bilinearoperator denoted by $o$ which may be only a simple element-by-element multiplication of the two vectors [link] , [link] , [link] . This matrix formulation is

$Y=C\left[AXoBH\right]$

where $X$ , $H$ and $Y$ are length-N vectors with elements of $x\left(n\right)$ , $h\left(n\right)$ and $y\left(n\right)$ respectively. The matrices $A$ and $B$ have dimension $M$ x $N$ , and $C$ is $N$ x $M$ with $M\ge N$ . The elements of $A$ , $B$ , and $C$ are constrained to be simple; typically small integers or rational numbers. It will be thesematrix operators that do the equivalent of the residue reduction on the polynomials in [link] .

In order to derive a useful algorithm of the form [link] to calculate [link] , consider the polynomial formulation [link] again. To use the residue reduction scheme, the modulus is factored into relatively prime factors. Fortunately the factoringof this particular polynomial, ${s}^{N}-1$ , has been extensively studied and it has considerable structure. When factored over the rationals,which means that the only coefficients allowed are rational numbers, the factors are called cyclotomic polynomials [link] , [link] , [link] . The most interesting property for our purposes is that most of the coefficients of cyclotomic polynomialsare zero and the others are plus or minus unity for degrees up to over one hundred. This means the residue reduction will generallyrequire no multiplications.

The operations of reducing $X\left(s\right)$ and $H\left(s\right)$ in [link] are carried out by the matrices $A$ and $B$ in [link] . The convolution of the residue polynomials is carried out by the $o$ operator and the recombination by the CRT is done by the $C$ matrix. More details are in [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] but the important fact is the $A$ and $B$ matrices usually contain only zero and plus or minus unity entries and the $C$ matrix only contains rational numbers. The only general multiplications are those represented by $o$ . Indeed, in the theoretical results from computational complexity theory,these real or complex multiplications are usually the only ones counted. In practical algorithms, the rational multiplicationsrepresented by $C$ could be a limiting factor.

explain and give four Example hyperbolic function
The denominator of a certain fraction is 9 more than the numerator. If 6 is added to both terms of the fraction, the value of the fraction becomes 2/3. Find the original fraction. 2. The sum of the least and greatest of 3 consecutive integers is 60. What are the valu
1. x + 6 2 -------------- = _ x + 9 + 6 3 x + 6 3 ----------- x -- (cross multiply) x + 15 2 3(x + 6) = 2(x + 15) 3x + 18 = 2x + 30 (-2x from both) x + 18 = 30 (-18 from both) x = 12 Test: 12 + 6 18 2 -------------- = --- = --- 12 + 9 + 6 27 3
Pawel
2. (x) + (x + 2) = 60 2x + 2 = 60 2x = 58 x = 29 29, 30, & 31
Pawel
ok
Ifeanyi
on number 2 question How did you got 2x +2
Ifeanyi
combine like terms. x + x + 2 is same as 2x + 2
Pawel
Mark and Don are planning to sell each of their marble collections at a garage sale. If Don has 1 more than 3 times the number of marbles Mark has, how many does each boy have to sell if the total number of marbles is 113?
Mark = x,. Don = 3x + 1 x + 3x + 1 = 113 4x = 112, x = 28 Mark = 28, Don = 85, 28 + 85 = 113
Pawel
how do I set up the problem?
what is a solution set?
Harshika
find the subring of gaussian integers?
Rofiqul
hello, I am happy to help!
Abdullahi
hi mam
Mark
find the value of 2x=32
divide by 2 on each side of the equal sign to solve for x
corri
X=16
Michael
Want to review on complex number 1.What are complex number 2.How to solve complex number problems.
Beyan
yes i wantt to review
Mark
use the y -intercept and slope to sketch the graph of the equation y=6x
how do we prove the quadratic formular
Darius
hello, if you have a question about Algebra 2. I may be able to help. I am an Algebra 2 Teacher
thank you help me with how to prove the quadratic equation
Seidu
may God blessed u for that. Please I want u to help me in sets.
Opoku
what is math number
4
Trista
x-2y+3z=-3 2x-y+z=7 -x+3y-z=6
can you teacch how to solve that🙏
Mark
Solve for the first variable in one of the equations, then substitute the result into the other equation. Point For: (6111,4111,−411)(6111,4111,-411) Equation Form: x=6111,y=4111,z=−411x=6111,y=4111,z=-411
Brenna
(61/11,41/11,−4/11)
Brenna
x=61/11 y=41/11 z=−4/11 x=61/11 y=41/11 z=-4/11
Brenna
Need help solving this problem (2/7)^-2
x+2y-z=7
Sidiki
what is the coefficient of -4×
-1
Shedrak
the operation * is x * y =x + y/ 1+(x × y) show if the operation is commutative if x × y is not equal to -1
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!