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0.6 Skeletal system module 7: divisions of the skeletal system

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By the end of this section, you will be able to:
  • Discuss the functions of the skeletal system
  • Distinguish between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
  • Define the axial skeleton and its components
  • Define the appendicular skeleton and its components

The skeletal system includes all of the bones, cartilages, and ligaments of the body that support and give shape to the body and body structures. The skeleton    consists of the bones of the body. The lower portion of the skeleton is specialized for stability during walking or running. In contrast, the upper skeleton has greater mobility and ranges of motion, features that allow you to lift and carry objects or turn your head and trunk.

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial and appendicular.

The axial skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton    forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back ( [link] ). It serves to protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.

The axial skeleton of the adult consists of 80 bones, including the skull    , the vertebral column    , and the thoracic cage    . The skull is formed by 22 bones. Also associated with the head are an additional seven bones, including the hyoid bone    and the ear ossicles    (three small bones found in each middle ear). The vertebral column consists of 24 bones, each called a vertebra    , plus the sacrum    and coccyx    . The thoracic cage includes the 12 pairs of ribs    , and the sternum    , the flattened bone of the anterior chest.

Axial and appendicular skeleton

This diagram shows the human skeleton and identifies the major bones. The left panel shows the anterior view (from the front) and the right panel shows the posterior view (from the back).
The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body. It consists of the skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), and the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton is made up of all bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The appendicular skeleton

The appendicular skeleton    includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. There are 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult. The bones of the appendicular skeleton are covered in a separate chapter.

Chapter review

The skeletal system includes all of the bones, cartilages, and ligaments of the body. It serves to support the body, protect the brain and other internal organs, and provides a rigid structure upon which muscles can pull to generate body movements. It also stores fat and the tissue responsible for the production of blood cells. The skeleton is subdivided into two parts. The axial skeleton forms a vertical axis that includes the head, neck, back, and chest. It has 80 bones and consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The adult vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae plus the sacrum and coccyx. The thoracic cage is formed by 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones in the adult and includes all of the bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bones that anchor each limb to the axial skeleton.

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Source:  OpenStax, Skeletal system. OpenStax CNX. Apr 17, 2015 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11779/1.1
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