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- Understanding the hardy-weinberg
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Finally, we are ready to answer our original question. Is this population of caucasian Europeans evolving with respect to this locus? Yes or no? Please explain.
The nearly identical expected and observed genotype frequencies calculated in problem 4 suggest that this population of caucasian Europeans is not evolving with respect to this locus.
Are you confident that this result is probably true of the caucasian European population at large? Why or why not? Please explain.
If you are not confident, please describe one activity you could undertake to improve your confidence.
The best answers to this question will discuss the lack of information describing the source of the 704 individuals genotyped for this study. Are they representative of caucasian Europeans at large or is this sample biased in some way? If you are not confident, your confidence might be improved by gathering background information on these individuals to assess their representativeness or by looking for or conducting a complimentary study to see if its results support these reported here.
Imagine Europeans were not careful to practice safe sex, use clean needles, and maintain a virus-free blood supply causing exposure to the virus and infection rates to increase dramatically. Predict what would happen, if anything, to the frequency of these two alleles over time? Why? Please explain.
One would expect the frequency of the CCR-5 allele to decline and the frequency of the
ccr-5 allele to increase as individuals carrying the
ccr-5 allele resist infection and therefore leave behind more offspring relative to those who, without it, contract and succumb to the disease and leave behind fewer offspring as a result.
Significantly, something like this appears to be happening in Africa, where different variations in the CCR-5 receptor are conferring increased resistance to HIV infection and, in those infected, increased time to development of AIDS, the condition that ultimately kills HIV infected individuals. Individuals with these alleles are expected to produce 15 to 30% more children than individuals that do not carry these alleles (Schliekelman, Garner and Slatkin, 2001).
It turns out that European caucasian heterozygotes for the CCR-5 locus have lower infection rates and, when infected, progress more slowly to AIDS, the syndrome that ultimately kills HIV infected individuals, than CCR-5/CCR-5 homozygotes (Galvani and Slatkin, 2003).
Under a scenario in which exposure to HIV-1 and actual infection rates soar in Europe, what do you think would happen, if anything, to the frequency with which these CCR-5/CCR-5, CCR-5/
ccr-5 and
ccr-5 /
ccr-5 genotypes occur in this population? Why? Please explain.
Because individuals carrying at least one copy of the
ccr-5 allele would be less likely to both contract HIV-1 and, if infected, to progress more slowly to AIDS, these individuals would leave behind more offspring than CCR-5/CCR-5 homozygotes. Thus, one would expect the frequency of CCR-5/CCR-5 homozygotes to decline and the frequency of
ccr-5 /
ccr-5 homozygotes and heterozygotes to increase over time at least initially.
Works cited
- Galvani, A.P. and M. Slaktin. 2003. Evaluating plagues and small pox as historical selective pressures for the
CRR5 delta-32 HIV-resistance allele.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100:15276-15279.
- Samson, M., F. Libert, B.J. Doranz,
et al. . 1996. Resistance to HIV-1 in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene.
Nature . 382:722-725.
- Schliekelman, P., C. Garner and M. Slatkin. 2001. Natural selection and resistance to HIV.
Nature. 411:545
Questions & Answers
Three charges q_{1}=+3\mu C, q_{2}=+6\mu C and q_{3}=+8\mu C are located at (2,0)m (0,0)m and (0,3) coordinates respectively. Find the magnitude and direction acted upon q_{2} by the two other charges.Draw the correct graphical illustration of the problem above showing the direction of all forces.
To solve this problem, we need to first find the net force acting on charge q_{2}. The magnitude of the force exerted by q_{1} on q_{2} is given by F=\frac{kq_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}} where k is the Coulomb constant, q_{1} and q_{2} are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them.
Muhammed
What is the direction and net electric force on q_{1}= 5µC located at (0,4)r due to charges q_{2}=7mu located at (0,0)m and q_{3}=3\mu C located at (4,0)m?
what is the change in momentum of a body?
Capacitor is a separation of opposite charges using an insulator of very small dimension between them. Capacitor is used for allowing an AC (alternating current) to pass while a DC (direct current) is blocked.
Gautam
A motor travelling at 72km/m on sighting a stop sign applying the breaks such that under constant deaccelerate in the meters of 50 metres what is the magnitude of the accelerate
What is Thermodynamics
Muordit
velocity can be 72 km/h in question. 72 km/h=20 m/s, v^2=2.a.x , 20^2=2.a.50, a=4 m/s^2.
Mehmet
A boat travels due east at a speed of 40meter per seconds across a river flowing due south at 30meter per seconds. what is the resultant speed of the boat
50 m/s due south east
Someone
which has a higher temperature, 1cup of boiling water or 1teapot of boiling water which can transfer more heat 1cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water explain your . answer
I believe temperature being an intensive property does not change for any amount of boiling water whereas heat being an extensive property changes with amount/size of the system.
Someone
temperature for any amount of water to boil at ntp is 100⁰C (it is a state function and and intensive property) and it depends both will give same amount of heat because the surface available for heat transfer is greater in case of the kettle as well as the heat stored in it but if you talk.....
Someone
about the amount of heat stored in the system then in that case since the mass of water in the kettle is greater so more energy is required to raise the temperature b/c more molecules of water are present in the kettle
Someone
physics, biology and chemistry
this is my Field
ALIYU
field is a region of space under the influence of some physical properties
Collete
what is ogarnic chemistry
determine the slope giving that 3y+ 2x-14=0
WISDOM
Another formula for Acceleration
pratica A on solution of hydro chloric acid,B is a solution containing 0.5000 mole ofsodium chlorid per dm³,put A in the burret and titrate 20.00 or 25.00cm³ portion of B using melting orange as the indicator. record the deside of your burret tabulate the burret reading and calculate the average volume of acid used?
how do lnternal energy measures
Esrael
Two bodies attract each other electrically. Do they both have to be charged? Answer the same question if the bodies repel one another.
No. According to Isac Newtons law. this two bodies maybe you and the wall beside you.
Attracting depends on the mass och each body and distance between them.
Dlovan
Are you really asking if two bodies have to be charged to be influenced by Coulombs Law?
Robert
like charges repel while unlike charges atttact
Raymond
What is specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity is a measure of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). It is measured in Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C).
AI-Robot
specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius or kelvin
ROKEEB
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Source:
OpenStax, Understanding the hardy-weinberg equation. OpenStax CNX. Oct 22, 2007 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10472/1.1
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