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This module covers the graphing of quadratic equations.

The graph of the simplest quadratic function, $y={x}^{2}$ , looks like this:

(You can confirm this by plotting points.) The point at the bottom of the U-shaped curve is known as the “vertex.”

Now consider the function $y=-3{\left(x+2\right)}^{2}+1$ . It’s an intimidating function, but we have all the tools we need to graph it, based on the permutations we learned in the first unit. Let’s step through them one by one.

• What does the $–$ sign do? It multiplies all $y$ -values by $-1$ ; positive values become negative, and vice-versa. So we are going to get an upside-down U-shape. We say that $y={x}^{2}$ “opens up” and $y=-{x}^{2}$ “opens down.”
• What does the 3 do? It multiplies all $y$ -values by 3; positive values become more positive, and negative values become more negative. So it vertical stretches the function.
• What does the $+1$ at the end do? It adds 1 to all $y$ -values, so it moves the function up by 1.
• Finally, what does the $+2$ do? This is a horizontal modification: if we plug in $x=\text{10}$ , we will be evaluating the function at $x=\text{12}$ . In general, we will always be copying the original ${x}^{2}$ function to our right ; so we will be 2 units to the left of it.

So what does the graph look like? It has moved 2 to the left and 1 up, so the vertex moves from the origin $\left(0,0\right)$ to the point $\left(-2,1\right)$ . The graph has also flipped upside-down, and stretched out vertically.

So graphing quadratic functions is easy, no matter how complex they are, if you understand permutations—and if the functions are written in the form $y=a{\left(x-h\right)}^{2}+k$ , as that one was.

The graph of a quadratic function is always a vertical parabola. If the function is written in the form $y=a{\left(x-h\right)}^{2}+k$ then the vertex is at $\left(h,k\right)$ . If $a$ is positive, the parabola opens up; if $a$ is negative, the parabola opens down.

But what if the functions are not expressed in that form? We’re more used to seeing them written as $y={\text{ax}}^{2}+\text{bx}+c$ . For such a function, you graph it by first putting it into the form we used above, and then graphing it. And the way you get it into the right form is...completing the square! This process is almost identical to the way we used completing the square to solve quadratic equations, but some of the details are different.

Graph ${2x}^{2}-\text{20}x+\text{58}$ The problem .
$2\left({x}^{2}-\text{10}x\right)+\text{58}$ We used to start out by dividing both sides by the coefficient of ${x}^{2}$ (2 in this case). In this case, we don’t have another side: we can’t make that 2 go away. But it’s still in the way of completing the square. So we factor it out of the first two terms. Do not factor it out of the third (numerical) term; leave that part alone, outside of the parentheses.
$2\left({x}^{2}-\text{10}x+\underline{\text{25}}\right)+\text{58}-\underline{\text{50}}$ Inside the parentheses, add the number you need to complete the square. (Half of 10, squared.)Now, when we add 25 inside the parentheses, what we have really done to our function? We have added 50, since everything in parentheses is doubled. So we keep the function the same by subtracting that 50 right back again, outside the parentheses! Since all we have done in this step is add 50 and then subtract it, the function is unchanged.
$2{\left(x-5\right)}^{2}+8$ Inside the parentheses, you now have a perfect square and can rewrite it as such. Outside the parentheses, you just have two numbers to combine.
Vertex $\left(5,8\right)$ opens up Since the function is now in the correct form, we can read this information straight from the formula and graph it. Note that the number inside the parentheses (the $h$ ) always changes sign; the number outside (the $k$ ) does not.
So there’s the graph! It’s easy to draw once you have the vertex and direction. It’s also worth knowing that the 2 vertically stretches the graph, so it will be thinner than a normal ${x}^{2}$ .

This process may look intimidating at first. For the moment, don’t worry about mastering the whole thing—instead, look over every individual step carefully and make sure you understand why it works—that is, why it keeps the function fundamentally unchanged, while moving us toward our goal of a form that we can graph.

The good news is, this process is basically the same every time. A different example is worked through in the worksheet “Graphing Quadratic Functions II”—that example differs only because the ${x}^{2}$ term does not have a coefficient, which changes a few of the steps in a minor way. You will have plenty of opportunity to practice this process, which will help you get the “big picture” if you understand all the individual steps.

And don’t forget that what we’re really creating here is an algebraic generalization!

${2x}^{2}-\text{20}x+\text{58}=2{\left(x-5\right)}^{2}+8$

This is exactly the sort of generalization we discussed in the first unit—the assertion that these two very different functions will always give the same answer for any $x$ -value you plug into them. For this very reason, we can also assert that the two graphs will look the same. So we can graph the first function by graphing the second.

where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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