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Let us try to override the method equals in classes BParticle and CParticle ; the method returns true if the all fields of the two objects are equal.

  • Four objects are created: two equal objects b1 and b2 of type BParticle and two unequal objects c1 and c2 of type CParticle .
  • As expected, b1.equals(b2) returns true and c1.equals(c2) returns false .
  • b1.equals(c1) returns true : since CParticle is a subclass of BParticle , the variable c1 is acceptable as a parameter to the method equals declared in BParticle . c1 is equal to b1 , because we are only comparing the first two fields inherited from BParticle and these are equal.

Exercise Explain what happens if you try to evaluate c1.equals(b1) .

Program: Inheritance07C.java

// Learning Object Inheritance07C //    equality (robust overriding)class Particle {     int position;      Particle(int p) {        position = p;     }      void newPosition(int delta) {         position = position + delta;    } }  class BParticle extends Particle {    int charge;      BParticle(int p, int c) {         super(p);        charge = c;     }}  class CParticle extends BParticle {     boolean strange;      CParticle(int p, int c, boolean s) {        super(p, c);         strange = s;    }      void newPosition(int delta) {         if (strange)            position = position * charge;     }      public boolean equals(Object obj) {        if (obj == null) return false;         if (!(obj instanceof CParticle)) return false;        CParticle c = (CParticle) obj;         return this.position == c.position && this.charge == c.charge &&               this.strange == c.strange;     }}  class Inheritance07C {     public static void main(/*String[] args*/) {         BParticle b1 = new BParticle(20, 2);        CParticle c1 = new CParticle(20, 2, false);         CParticle c2 = new CParticle(20, 2, true);        CParticle c3 = new CParticle(20, 2, false);         boolean eqc1null = c1.equals(null);        boolean eqc1b1 = c1.equals(b1);         boolean eqc1c2 = c1.equals(c2);        boolean eqc1c3 = c1.equals(c3);     }}

It would be unusual for two objects to be considered equal if they are of different types, even if one type is a subclass of another.In fact, public boolean equals(CParticle c) does not override the method equals in BParticle , because an overriding method must have the same signature as the overridden method.

The method equals is declared in the root class Object as: public boolean equals(Object obj) and this is the method that must be overridden. This program shows the correct technique:

  • Since the parameter can now be any object, a check is first made that the parameter is not null .
  • Similarly, a check is made that the parameter is of the same type as this object.
  • Now that we know that the parameter is actually of this type, it can be cast from Object to the type.
  • Only then is class-specific code performed—usually a field-by-field comparison.

Trace the execution of the program:

  • Four objects are created: one object b1 of type BParticle and three objects c1 , c2 and c3 of type CParticle .
  • Clearly, comparing c1 to null or b1 returns false .
  • Field-by-field comparisons are used if the parameter is of type CParticle : c1.equals(c2) returns false and c1.equals(c3) returns true .

Questions & Answers

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Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
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Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
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Source:  OpenStax, Learning objects for java (with jeliot). OpenStax CNX. Dec 28, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10915/1.2
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