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- Music appreciation: its language
- Music appreciation: its language
- Chapter 4: european art music:
Historic context
- Fall of the Roman Empire around 450.
- Rise of the Byzantine/Eastern Roman, Frankish/Western Roman, Persian, Moslem, and Turkish
Empires.
- Plague of 542–594 kills half the population of Europe.
- Charlemagne (742–814) crowned Holy Roman Emperor, 800.
- Viking shipbuilding flourishes ca. 900.
- Heroic poem Beowulf ca. 1000.
- Discovery of the Americas by Leif Eriksson ca. 1000.
- First Crusade 1095–1099 followed by succession of crusades ending in 1291.
- Signing of the Magna Carta, limiting the power of the English king, 1215.
- Black Death 1347–1349 and 1361 kills a third of the population of Europe.
- “Death of Knighthood” at Battle of Agincourt, 1415; French knights in armor are defeated by
English armed with crossbows.
- Joan of Arc burned at the stake, 1431.
- Establishment of major European cities: Venice (ca. 450), Granada (ca. 750), Dublin (ca. 840),
Leipzig (ca. 1015), Vienna (ca. 1220), Copenhagen (ca. 1040), Nuremberg (ca. 1050), Oslo(ca. 1050), Munich (ca. 1100), Moscow (ca. 1150), Belfast (ca. 1170), Heidelberg (ca. 1200),
Liverpool (ca. 1200), Amsterdam (ca. 1200), Berlin (ca. 1230), Prague (ca. 1250), Stockholm(ca. 1250).
- Spread of Christianity through Europe: Vatican Palace built ca. 500; Benedictine Order founded
529; Wales converted to Christianity ca. 550; Papacy of Gregory I 590–604; Parthenon inRome consecrated as Church of S. Maria Rotunda, 609; Monastery of St. Gallen, Switzerland,
founded 612; Gloucester Abbey founded 681; first canonization of saints 993; Iceland andGreenland converted to Christianity ca. 1000.
- Building of cathedrals and basilicas: building of St. Sophia Basilica in Constantinople 532–537;
Arles Cathedral founded ca. 600; St. Paul’s Church, London, founded ca. 603; foundingof Winchester Cathedral 685; Basilica of St. Mark, Venice (975–1094); consecration of
Westminster Abbey (1065); Canterbury Cathedral (1070–1503); Chartres Cathedral 1134–1260; Verona Cathedral (1139–1187); Notre Dame Cathedral (1163–1235); Sainte-Chapelle,
Paris (1246–1258); Cologne Cathedral, 1248–1880; Seville 1402.
- Founding of universities: Salerno (850); Paris (1150); Oxford (1167); Bologna (1119); Siena (1203);
Vicenza (1204); Salamanca (1217); Toulouse (1229); The Sorbonne (1254); Montpellier(1289); Lisbon (1290); Rome (1303); Grenoble (1339); Pisa (1338); Prague (1348); Vienna
(1366); Heidelberg (1386); Cologne (1388).
Milestones in music
- Founding of Schola Cantorum by Pope Gregory in Rome, 600 AD.
- Experiments in notation of pitch; first use of neumes, ca. 650.
- Musica enchiriadis, treatise describing early polyphony (organum), ca. 870.
- Emergence of staff notation as preferred system, ca. 900.
- Organ with 400 pipes at Winchester Cathedral, ca. 980.
- Advances in notation of rhythm, 13th century.
- Earliest preserved examples of composed music of two or more independent melodies ca. 850–900.
- Earliest theories of consonance and dissonance, 12th century.
- Treatises describing advances in notation of rhythm ca. 1280 and ca. 1320.
Source:
OpenStax, Music appreciation: its language, history and culture. OpenStax CNX. Jun 03, 2015 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11803/1.1
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