# 0.3 Modelling corruption  (Page 8/11)

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This integral defines the convolution operator $*$ and provides a way of finding the output $y\left(t\right)$ of any linear system, given its impulse response $h\left(t\right)$ and the input $x\left(t\right)$ .

M atlab has several functions that simplify the numerical evaluation of convolutions. The most obvious of these is conv , which is used in convolex.m to calculate the convolution of an input x (consisting of two delta functions at times $t=1$ and $t=3$ ) and a system with impulse response h that is an exponential pulse. The convolution gives the output of the system.

Ts=1/100; time=10;             % sampling interval and total time t=0:Ts:time;                   % create time vectorh=exp(-t);                     % define impulse response x=zeros(size(t));              % input is sum of two delta functions...x(1/Ts)=3; x(3/Ts)=2;          % ...at times t=1 and t=3 y=conv(h,x);                   % do convolution and plotsubplot(3,1,1), plot(t,x) subplot(3,1,2), plot(t,h)subplot(3,1,3), plot(t,y(1:length(t))) convolex.m example of numerical convolution (download file) 

[link] shows the input to the system in the top plot,the impulse response in the middle plot, and the output of the system in the bottom plot. Nothing happens before time $t=1$ , and the output is zero. When the first spike occurs,the system responds by jumping to 3 and then decaying slowly at a rate dictated by the shape of $h\left(t\right)$ . The decay continues smoothly until time $t=3$ , when the second spike enters. At this point, the output jumps up by 2, andis the sum of the response to the second spike, plus the remainder of the response to the first spike. Since there are no more inputs,the output slowly dies away.

Suppose that the impulse response $h\left(t\right)$ of a linear system is the exponential pulse

$h\left(t\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{-t}\hfill & t\ge 0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & t<0\hfill \end{array},.\right)$

Suppose that the input to the system is $3\delta \left(t-1\right)+2\delta \left(t-3\right)$ . Use the definition of convolution [link] to show that the output is $3h\left(t-1\right)+2h\left(t-3\right)$ , where

$h\left(t-{t}_{0}\right)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{-t+{t}_{0}}& t\ge {t}_{0}\\ 0& t<{t}_{0}\end{array}\right].$

Suppose that a system has an impulse response that is an exponential pulse. Mimic the code in convolex.m to find its output when the input is a white noise (recall specnoise.m ).

Mimic the code in convolex.m to find the output of a system when the input is an exponential pulse and theimpulse response is a sum of two delta functions at times $t=1$ and $t=3$ .

The next two problems show that linear filters commute with differentiation, and with each other.

Use the definition to show that convolution is commutative (i.e., that ${w}_{1}\left(t\right)*{w}_{2}\left(t\right)={w}_{2}\left(t\right)*{w}_{1}\left(t\right)$ ). Hint: Apply the change of variables $\tau =t-\lambda$ in [link] .

Suppose a filter has impulse response $h\left(t\right)$ . When the input is $x\left(t\right)$ , the output is $y\left(t\right)$ . If the input is ${x}_{d}\left(t\right)=\frac{\partial x\left(t\right)}{\partial t}$ , the output is ${y}_{d}\left(t\right)$ . Show that ${y}_{d}\left(t\right)$ is the derivative of $y\left(t\right)$ . Hint: Use [link] and the result of Exercise  [link] .

Let $w\left(t\right)=\Pi \left(t\right)$ be the rectangular pulse of [link] . What is $w\left(t\right)*w\left(t\right)$ ? Hint: A pulse shaped like a triangle.

Redo Exercise  [link] numerically by suitably modifying convolex.m . Let $T=1.5$ seconds.

#### Questions & Answers

Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
characteristics of micro business
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
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