# 0.3 Modelling corruption  (Page 7/11)

 Page 7 / 11
$w\left(t\right)=\frac{A}{2j}\left[{e}^{j2\pi {f}_{0}t},-,{e}^{-j2\pi {f}_{0}t}\right].$

Applying the linearity property [link] and the result of Exercise  [link] gives

$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \mathcal{F}\left\{w\left(t\right)\right\}& =& \frac{A}{2j}\left[\mathcal{F},\left\{{e}^{j2\pi {f}_{0}t}\right\},-,\mathcal{F},\left\{{e}^{-j2\pi {f}_{0}t}\right\}\right]\hfill \\ & =& j\frac{A}{2}\left[-,\delta ,\left(f-{f}_{0}\right),+,\delta ,\left(f+{f}_{0}\right)\right].\hfill \end{array}$

Thus, the spectrum of a sine wave is a pair of $\delta$ functions with opposite signs, located symmetrically about zero frequency. The corresponding magnitude spectrum,shown in [link] , is at the heart of one importantinterpretation of the Fourier transform: it shows the frequency content of any signal by displayingwhich frequencies are present (and which frequencies are absent) from the waveform. For example, [link] (a) shows the magnitude spectrum $W\left(f\right)$ of a real-valued signal $w\left(t\right)$ . This can be interpreted as saying that $w\left(t\right)$ contains (or is made up of) “all the frequencies” up to $B$ Hz, and that it contains no sinusoids with higher frequency. Similarly,the modulated signal $s\left(t\right)$ in [link] (b) contains all positive frequencies between ${f}_{c}-B$ and ${f}_{c}+B$ , and no others.

Note that the Fourier transform in [link] is purely imaginary, as it must be because $w\left(t\right)$ is odd (see  [link] ). The phase spectrum is a flat line at $-{90}^{\circ }$ because of the factor  $j$ .

What is the magnitude spectrum of $\mathrm{sin}\left(2\pi {f}_{0}t+\theta \right)$ ? Hint: Use the frequency shift property [link] . Show that the spectrum of $\mathrm{cos}\left(2\pi {f}_{0}t\right)$ is $\frac{1}{2}\left(\delta \left(f-{f}_{0}\right)+\delta \left(f+{f}_{0}\right)\right)$ . Compare this analytical result to the numerical resultsfrom Exercise  [link] .

Let ${w}_{i}\left(t\right)={a}_{i}\mathrm{sin}\left(2\pi {f}_{i}t\right)$ for $i=1,2,3$ . Without doing any calculations, write down the spectrum of $v\left(t\right)={w}_{1}\left(t\right)+{w}_{2}\left(t\right)+{w}_{3}\left(t\right)$ . Hint: Use linearity. Graph the magnitude spectrum of $v\left(t\right)$ in the same manner as in [link] . Verify your results with a simulation mimicking that in  [link] .

Let $W\left(f\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(2\pi f{t}_{0}\right)$ . What is the corresponding time function?

## Convolution in time: it's what linear systems do

Suppose that a system has impulse response $h\left(t\right)$ , and that the input consists of a sum of three impulses occurring at times ${t}_{0}$ , ${t}_{1}$ , and ${t}_{2}$ , with amplitudes ${a}_{0}$ , ${a}_{1}$ , and ${a}_{2}$ (for example, the signal $w\left(t\right)$ of [link] ). By linearity of the Fourier transform, property [link] , the output is a superpositionof the outputs due to each of the input pulses. The output due to the first impulse is ${a}_{0}h\left(t-{t}_{0}\right)$ , which is the impulse response scaled by the size of the input and shifted to beginwhen the first input pulse arrives. Similarly, the outputs to the second and thirdinput impulses are ${a}_{1}h\left(t-{t}_{1}\right)$ and ${a}_{2}h\left(t-{t}_{2}\right)$ , respectively, and the complete output is the sum ${a}_{0}h\left(t-{t}_{0}\right)+{a}_{1}h\left(t-{t}_{1}\right)+{a}_{2}h\left(t-{t}_{2}\right)$ .

Now suppose that the input is a continuous function $x\left(t\right)$ . At any time instant $\lambda$ , the input can be thought of as consisting of an impulse scaled by the amplitude $x\left(\lambda \right)$ , and the corresponding output will be $x\left(\lambda \right)h\left(t-\lambda \right)$ , which is the impulse response scaled by thesize of the input and shifted to begin at time $\lambda$ . The complete output is then given by integrating over all $\lambda$

$y\left(t\right)={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }x\left(\lambda \right)h\left(t-\lambda \right)d\lambda \equiv x\left(t\right)*h\left(t\right).$

what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
what is the stm
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Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
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Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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