# 0.2 Useful information

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This appendix is broken into several tables.

• [link] , Solar System Data
• [link] , Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols
• [link] , The Greek Alphabet
• [link] , Selected British Units
Important constants Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov/cuu (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.
Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value
$c$ Speed of light in vacuum $2\text{.}\text{99792458}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{8}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{m}/\text{s}$ $3\text{.}\text{00}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{8}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{m}/\text{s}$
$G$ Gravitational constant $6\text{.}\text{67408}\left(\text{31}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{11}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{kg}}^{2}$ $6\text{.}\text{67}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{11}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{kg}}^{2}$
${N}_{A}$ Avogadro’s number $6\text{.}\text{02214129}\left(\text{27}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{\text{23}}$ $6\text{.}\text{02}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{\text{23}}$
$k$ Boltzmann’s constant $1\text{.}\text{3806488}\left(\text{13}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{23}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}/\text{K}$ $1\text{.}\text{38}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{23}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}/\text{K}$
$R$ Gas constant $8\text{.}\text{3144621}\left(\text{75}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}/\text{mol}\cdot \text{K}$ $8\text{.}\text{31}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}/\text{mol}\cdot \text{K}=1\text{.}\text{99}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{cal}/\text{mol}\cdot \text{K}=0\text{.}\text{0821}\text{atm}\cdot \text{L}/\text{mol}\cdot \text{K}$
$\text{σ}$ Stefan-Boltzmann constant $5\text{.}\text{670373}\left(\text{21}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-8}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{W}/{\text{m}}^{2}\cdot \text{K}$ $5\text{.}\text{67}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-8}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{W}/{\text{m}}^{2}\cdot \text{K}$
$k$ Coulomb force constant $8\text{.}\text{987551788}\text{.}\text{.}\text{.}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{C}}^{2}$ $8.99\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{C}}^{2}$
${q}_{e}$ Charge on electron $-1\text{.}\text{602176565}\left(\text{35}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{19}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{C}$ $-1\text{.}\text{60}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{19}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{C}$
${\text{ε}}_{0}$ Permittivity of free space $8\text{.}\text{854187817}\text{.}\text{.}\text{.}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{12}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{C}}^{2}/\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}$ $8\text{.}\text{85}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{12}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{C}}^{2}/\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}$
${\text{μ}}_{0}$ Permeability of free space $4\pi \phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-7}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{T}\cdot \text{m}/\text{A}$ $1\text{.}\text{26}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-6}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{T}\cdot \text{m}/\text{A}$
$h$ Planck’s constant $6\text{.}\text{62606957}\left(\text{29}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{34}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}\cdot \text{s}$ $6\text{.}\text{63}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{34}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}\cdot \text{s}$
Submicroscopic masses Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov/cuu (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.
Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value
${m}_{e}$ Electron mass $9\text{.}\text{10938291}\left(\text{40}\right)×{\text{10}}^{-\text{31}}\text{kg}$ $9\text{.}\text{11}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{31}}\text{kg}$
${m}_{p}$ Proton mass $1\text{.}\text{672621777}\left(\text{74}\right)×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$ $1\text{.}\text{6726}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$
${m}_{n}$ Neutron mass $1\text{.}\text{674927351}\left(\text{74}\right)×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$ $1\text{.}\text{6749}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$
$\text{u}$ Atomic mass unit $1\text{.}\text{660538921}\left(\text{73}\right)×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$ $1\text{.}\text{6605}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$
 Sun mass $1\text{.}\text{99}×{\text{10}}^{\text{30}}\text{kg}$ average radius $6\text{.}\text{96}×{\text{10}}^{8}\text{m}$ Earth-sun distance (average) $1\text{.}\text{496}×{\text{10}}^{\text{11}}\text{m}$ Earth mass $5\text{.}\text{9736}×{\text{10}}^{\text{24}}\text{kg}$ average radius $6\text{.}\text{376}×{\text{10}}^{6}\text{m}$  orbital period $3\text{.}\text{16}×{\text{10}}^{7}\text{s}$ Moon mass $7\text{.}\text{35}×{\text{10}}^{\text{22}}\text{kg}$ average radius $1\text{.}\text{74}×{\text{10}}^{6}\text{m}$ orbital period (average) $2\text{.}\text{36}×{\text{10}}^{6}\text{s}$ Earth-moon distance (average) $3\text{.}\text{84}×{\text{10}}^{8}\text{m}$
Metric prefixes for powers of ten and their symbols
Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value
tera T ${\text{10}}^{\text{12}}$ deci d ${\text{10}}^{-1}$
giga G ${\text{10}}^{9}$ centi c ${\text{10}}^{-2}$
mega M ${\text{10}}^{6}$ milli m ${\text{10}}^{-3}$
kilo k ${\text{10}}^{3}$ micro $\mu$ ${\text{10}}^{-6}$
hecto h ${\text{10}}^{2}$ nano n ${\text{10}}^{-9}$
deka da ${\text{10}}^{1}$ pico p ${\text{10}}^{-\text{12}}$
${\text{10}}^{0}\left(=1\right)$ femto f ${\text{10}}^{-\text{15}}$
 Alpha $\text{Α}$ $\alpha$ Eta $\text{Η}$ $\eta$ Nu $\text{Ν}$ $\nu$ Tau $\text{Τ}$ $\tau$ Beta $\text{Β}$ $\beta$ Theta $\text{Θ}$ $\theta$ Xi $\text{Ξ}$ $\xi$ Upsilon $\text{Υ}$ $\upsilon$ Gamma $\text{Γ}$ $\gamma$ Iota $\text{Ι}$ $\iota$ Omicron $\text{Ο}$ $ο$ Phi $\text{Φ}$ $\varphi$ Delta $\text{Δ}$ $\delta$ Kappa $\text{Κ}$ $\kappa$ Pi $\text{Π}$ $\pi$ Chi $\text{Χ}$ $\chi$ Epsilon $\text{Ε}$ $\epsilon$ Lambda $\text{Λ}$ $\lambda$ Rho $\text{Ρ}$ $\rho$ Psi $\text{Ψ}$ $\psi$ Zeta $\text{Ζ}$ $\zeta$ Mu $\text{Μ}$ $\mu$ Sigma $\text{Σ}$ $\sigma$ Omega $\Omega$ $\omega$
Si units
Entity Abbreviation Name
Fundamental units Length m meter
Mass kg kilogram
Time s second
Current A ampere
Derived units Force $\text{N}=\text{kg}\cdot \text{m}/{\text{s}}^{2}$ newton
Energy $\text{J}=\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{s}}^{2}$ joule
Power $\text{W}=\text{J}/\text{s}$ watt
Pressure $\text{Pa}=\text{N}/{\text{m}}^{2}$ pascal
Frequency $\text{Hz}=1/\text{s}$ hertz
Electronic potential $\text{V}=\text{J}/\text{C}$ volt
Capacitance $\text{F}=\text{C}/\text{V}$ farad
Charge $\text{C}=\text{s}\cdot \text{A}$ coulomb
Resistance $\Omega =\text{V}/\text{A}$ ohm
Magnetic field $\text{T}=\text{N}/\left(\text{A}\cdot \text{m}\right)$ tesla
Nuclear decay rate $\text{Bq}=1/\text{s}$ becquerel
 Length $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{inch}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{in}\text{.}\right)=2\text{.}\text{54}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{cm}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{exactly}\right)$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{foot}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{ft}\right)=0\text{.}\text{3048}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{mile}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{mi}\right)=1\text{.}\text{609}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{km}$ Force $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{pound}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{lb}\right)=4\text{.}\text{448}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{N}$ Energy $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{British thermal unit}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{Btu}\right)=1\text{.}\text{055}×{\text{10}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ Power $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{horsepower}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{hp}\right)=\text{746}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{W}$ Pressure $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{lb}/{\text{in}}^{2}=6\text{.}\text{895}×{\text{10}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}$
 Length $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{light year}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{ly}\right)=9\text{.}\text{46}×{\text{10}}^{\text{15}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{astronomical unit}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{au}\right)=1\text{.}\text{50}×{\text{10}}^{\text{11}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{nautical mile}=1\text{.}\text{852}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{km}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{angstrom}\left(\text{Å}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}={\text{10}}^{-\text{10}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ Area $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{acre}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{ac}\right)=4\text{.}\text{05}×{\text{10}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{square foot}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left({\text{ft}}^{2}\right)=9\text{.}\text{29}×{\text{10}}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{barn}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(b\right)={\text{10}}^{-\text{28}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ Volume $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{liter}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(L\right)={\text{10}}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{3}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{U.S. gallon}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{gal}\right)=3\text{.}\text{785}×{\text{10}}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{3}$ Mass $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{solar mass}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}=1\text{.}\text{99}×{\text{10}}^{\text{30}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kg}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{metric ton}={\text{10}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kg}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{atomic mass unit}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(u\right)=1\text{.}\text{6605}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kg}$ Time $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{year}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(y\right)=3\text{.}\text{16}×{\text{10}}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{s}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{day}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(d\right)=\text{86},\text{400}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{s}$ Speed $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{mile per hour}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{mph}\right)=1\text{.}\text{609}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{km}/\text{h}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{nautical mile per hour}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{naut}\right)=1\text{.}\text{852}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{km}/\text{h}$ Angle $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{degree}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(°\right)=1\text{.}\text{745}×{\text{10}}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{rad}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{minute of arc}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\left(}^{\text{'}}\right)=1/\text{60}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{degree}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{second of arc}\text{}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\left(}^{\text{''}}\right)=1/\text{60}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{minute of arc}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{grad}=1\text{.}\text{571}×{\text{10}}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{rad}$ Energy $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kiloton TNT}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{kT}\right)=4\text{.}2×{\text{10}}^{\text{12}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kilowatt hour}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{kW}\cdot h\right)=3\text{.}\text{60}×{\text{10}}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{food calorie}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{kcal}\right)=\text{4186}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{calorie}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{cal}\right)=4\text{.}\text{186}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{electron volt}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{eV}\right)=1\text{.}\text{60}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{19}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ Pressure $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{atmosphere}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{atm}\right)=1\text{.}\text{013}×{\text{10}}^{5}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{millimeter of mercury}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{mm}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Hg}\right)=\text{133}\text{.}3\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{torricelli}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{torr}\right)=1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{mm}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Hg}=\text{133}\text{.}3\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}$ Nuclear decay rate $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{curie}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{Ci}\right)=3\text{.}\text{70}×{\text{10}}^{\text{10}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Bq}$
 Circumference of a circle with radius $r$ or diameter $d$ $C=2\pi r=\mathrm{\pi d}$ Area of a circle with radius $r$ or diameter $d$ $A={\mathrm{\pi r}}^{2}={\mathrm{\pi d}}^{2}/4$ Area of a sphere with radius $r$ $A=4{\pi r}^{2}$ Volume of a sphere with radius $r$ $V=\left(4/3\right)\left({\mathrm{\pi r}}^{3}\right)$

where we get a research paper on Nano chemistry....?
what are the products of Nano chemistry?
There are lots of products of nano chemistry... Like nano coatings.....carbon fiber.. And lots of others..
learn
Even nanotechnology is pretty much all about chemistry... Its the chemistry on quantum or atomic level
learn
da
no nanotechnology is also a part of physics and maths it requires angle formulas and some pressure regarding concepts
Bhagvanji
hey
Giriraj
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
revolt
da
Application of nanotechnology in medicine
what is variations in raman spectra for nanomaterials
I only see partial conversation and what's the question here!
what about nanotechnology for water purification
please someone correct me if I'm wrong but I think one can use nanoparticles, specially silver nanoparticles for water treatment.
Damian
yes that's correct
Professor
I think
Professor
Nasa has use it in the 60's, copper as water purification in the moon travel.
Alexandre
nanocopper obvius
Alexandre
what is the stm
is there industrial application of fullrenes. What is the method to prepare fullrene on large scale.?
Rafiq
industrial application...? mmm I think on the medical side as drug carrier, but you should go deeper on your research, I may be wrong
Damian
How we are making nano material?
what is a peer
What is meant by 'nano scale'?
What is STMs full form?
LITNING
scanning tunneling microscope
Sahil
how nano science is used for hydrophobicity
Santosh
Do u think that Graphene and Fullrene fiber can be used to make Air Plane body structure the lightest and strongest. Rafiq
Rafiq
what is differents between GO and RGO?
Mahi
what is simplest way to understand the applications of nano robots used to detect the cancer affected cell of human body.? How this robot is carried to required site of body cell.? what will be the carrier material and how can be detected that correct delivery of drug is done Rafiq
Rafiq
if virus is killing to make ARTIFICIAL DNA OF GRAPHENE FOR KILLED THE VIRUS .THIS IS OUR ASSUMPTION
Anam
analytical skills graphene is prepared to kill any type viruses .
Anam
Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
Hafiz
what is Nano technology ?
write examples of Nano molecule?
Bob
The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
what king of growth are you checking .?
Renato
What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
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