| << Chapter < Page | Chapter >> Page > |
Chapter 5_Introduction-Nanomaterials.
The Universe ranges from 10 28 cm to 10 -33 cm. The first Length is the distance from our Earth to the observable Event Horizon of the Universe which is 13.8blightyears(ly) = 4.23313 b parsec(pc) = 1.30622×10 26 m. The second length is Planck’s Length:
Planck’s Length sets the fundamental limit on the accuracy of length measuremment.
As proto-human-society and human society has developed, its capabilities have developed. Its tool materials improved from flint stones to copper to bronze to iron implements to steel to polymers to Silicon and finally to nano-materials. In Table 5.1, we show the development of Proto-human society due to anatomical changes in homo-species. Once modern humans emerged human society has developed both due to the development of relation of production and due to the development of tools of production.
Relation of production has developed from primitive communism to slavery to feudal and to the capitalist society. The modern Capitalist Society is experiencing the labour pains for delivering a Socialistic Society.
The scale of production has evolved from Small Scale Owner Managed Production to Large Scale Corporate Managed Production.
Table 5.1. Stages of development in Proto Human Society and Human Society based on anatomical changes, based on relation of production and based on the development of means of production.
| Date(ya) 1 | Anatomical 3 | Relation of Production | Materials used | Means of Production |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4M | AustralopethicusAfarensis | Savage&Primitive communism | Primitive tools, no hand grip 2 . | Roots&fruits gatherer |
| 2.5M | Homo-habilis(handy man) | Savage&Primitive communism | Choppers&Flakes, Oldwan Style | Foraging&scavenging |
| Discovery of fire | ||||
| 1.9M | Homo-erectus(erect man) | Savage&Primitivecommunism | Refined, precisionGrip features developed | hunting |
| 800,000 | Homo-sapiens(intelligent man) | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | Precision Grip matured&tear shaped hand axesDeveloped,so-calledAcheulean style | hunting |
| 200,000 | Modern humansEmerge in AFRICA | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | hunting | |
| 70,000(last ice age begins) | Migrate out of Africa and replace all primitive homo-species. | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | STONE AGE, , cave-dwelling, refined flint-stone tools | hunting |
| 50,000 | Modern Humans reachAustralia and get isolated as Australian Aborigines. | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | Stone tools and weapons | hunting |
| 50,000To 40,000 | Migration to Asia | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | Stone tools and weapons | hunting |
| 40,000 to30,000 | In;land migration from Asia to Europe | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | Stone tools and weapons | hunting |
| Modern humans push toCentral Asia and arrived in the grassy steppes of Himalaya | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | Stone tools and weapons | hunting | |
| From S.E.Asia and China, migration to Japan&Siberia took place. | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | Stone tools and weapons | hunting | |
| North Asians migrated to N.America via land bridge across Arctic from Siberia | Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm | Stone tools and weapons | hunting | |
| 10,000 | Great delugeModern Humans | Barbarians&Civilized Society-Private Property, Monogamous Family, State |
COPPER AGE |
Hunting&agriculture for fodder |
| 9,000 | Modern Humans | Slavery | Native Copper used.Smelted Copper used, | Mining, Agriculture for grains, artisans |
|
BRONZE AGE |
||||
| 6,000…5,500…5,500… | Modern Humans | Feudalism | Silver,Tin,Bronze. | Mining, Agriculture, artisans |
| 3,400 to1800CE | Modern Humans |
IRON AGE |
||
| 1800CE to 1940CE | Modern Humans | Capitalism |
STEEL AGE |
Industrial Revolution&Large Scale Production |
| 1940-1960CE | Modern Humans | Capitalism |
POLYMER AGE |
Factory production |
| 1960CE to present | Modern Humans |
SILICON AGE |
Computerization, Automation, Robotization&Miniaturization | |
| 1980 to present | Modern Humans |
NANO AGE |
Miniaturization&System Integration |
Notification Switch
Would you like to follow the 'Electrical and electronic materials science' conversation and receive update notifications?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|