0.16 Equilibrium and the second law of thermodynamics  (Page 11/11)

Each possible sequence of the 52 cards in a deck is equally probable. However, when you shuffle a deck and thenexamine the sequence, the deck is never ordered. Explain why in terms of microstates, macrostates, and entropy.

Assess the validity of the statement, "In all spontaneous processes, the system moves toward a state of lowestenergy." Correct any errors you identify.

In each case, determine whether spontaneity is expected at low temperature, high temperature, any temperature, orno temperature:

Using thermodynamic equilibrium arguments, explain why a substance with weaker intermolecular forces has agreater vapor pressure than one with stronger intermolecular forces.

Why does the entropy of a gas increase as the volume of the gas increases? Why does the entropy decrease as thepressure increases?

For each of the following reactions, calculate the values of $\Delta (S^{°})$ , $\Delta (H^{°})$ , and $\Delta (G^{°})$ at $T=298K$ and use these to predict whether equilibrium will favor products or reactants at $T=298K$ . Also calculate $K_p$ .

Predict the sign of the entropy for the reaction $$2H_2\left(g\right)+O_2\left(g\right)\to 2H_{2}O\left(g\right)$$ Give an explanation, based on entropy and the Second Law, of why this reaction occurs spontaneously.

For the reaction $H_2\left(g\right)\to 2H\left(g\right)$ , predict the sign of both $\Delta (H^{°})$ and $\Delta (S^{°})$ . Should this reaction be spontaneous at high temperature or at lowtemperature? Explain.

For each of the reactions in [link] , predict whether increases in temperature will shift the reaction equilibrium more towardsproducts or more towards reactants.

Using [link] and [link] , show that for a given set of initial partial pressures where $Q$ is larger than $K_p$ , the reaction will spontaneously create more reactants. Also showthat if $Q$ is smaller than $K_p$ , the reaction will spontaneously create more products.