# 0.15 Denoising ii: adapting to unknown smoothness

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## Review: denoising in smooth function spaces i - method of sieves

Suppose we make noisy measurements of a smooth function:

${Y}_{i}={f}^{*}\left({x}_{i}\right)+{W}_{i},\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}i=\left\{1,...,n\right\},$

where

${W}_{i}\stackrel{i.i.d.}{\sim }N\left(0,,,{\sigma }^{2}\right)$

and

${x}_{i}=\left(\frac{i}{n}\right).$

The unknown function ${f}^{*}$ is a map

${f}^{*}:\left[0,1\right]\to \mathbf{R}.$

In Lecture 4 , we consider this problem in the case where ${f}^{*}$ was Lipschitz on $\left[0,1\right].$ That is, ${f}^{*}$ satisfied

$|{f}^{*}\left(t\right)-{f}^{*}\left(s\right)|\le L|t-s|,\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{5.69054pt}{0ex}}\forall t,s\in \left[0,1\right]$

where $L>0$ is a constant. In that case, we showed that by using a piecewise constant function on a partition of ${n}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ equal-size bins [link] we were able to obtain an estimator ${\stackrel{^}{f}}_{n}$ whose mean square error was

$E\left[\parallel ,{f}^{*},-,{\stackrel{^}{f}}_{n},{\parallel }^{2}\right]=O\left({n}^{-\frac{2}{3}}\right).$

In this lecture we will use the Maximum Complexity-Regularized Likelihood Estimation result we derived in Lecture 14 to extend our denoising scheme in several important ways.

To begin with let's consider a broader class of functions.

## Hölder spaces

For $0<\alpha <1,$ define the space of functions

${H}^{\alpha }\left({C}_{\alpha }\right)=\left\{|f|<,{C}_{\alpha },:,\phantom{\rule{2.84526pt}{0ex}},\underset{x,h}{sup},\frac{|f\left(x+h\right)-f\left(x\right)|}{{|h|}^{\alpha }},\le ,{C}_{\alpha }\right\}$

for some constant ${C}_{\alpha }<\infty$ and where $f\in {L}_{\infty }.$ ${H}^{\alpha }$ above contains functions that are bounded, but less smooth than Lipschitz functions. Indeed, the space of Lipschitzfunctions can be defined as ${H}^{1}$ ( $\alpha =1$ )

${H}^{1}\left({C}_{1}\right)=\left\{|f|<,{C}_{1},:,\phantom{\rule{2.84526pt}{0ex}},\underset{x,h}{sup},\frac{|f\left(x+h\right)-f\left(x\right)|}{|h|},\le ,{C}_{1}\right\}$

for ${C}_{1}<\infty .$ Functions in ${H}^{1}$ are continuous, but those in ${H}^{\alpha },\alpha <1,$ are not in general.

Let's also consider functions that are smoother than Lipschitz. If $\alpha =1+\beta ,$ where $0<\beta <1,$ then define

${H}^{\alpha }\left({C}_{\alpha }\right)=\left\{f,\in ,{H}^{1},\left({C}_{\alpha }\right),:,\frac{\partial f}{\partial x},\in ,{H}^{\beta },\left({C}_{\alpha }\right)\right\}.$

In other words, ${H}^{\alpha },1<\alpha <2,$ contains Lipschitz functions that are also differentiable and their derivatives are Hölder smooth with smoothness $\beta =\alpha -1.$

And finally, let

${H}^{2}\left({C}_{2}\right)=\left\{f,:,\frac{\partial f}{\partial x},\in ,{H}^{1},\left({C}_{2}\right)\right\}$

contain functions that have continuous derivatives, but that are notnecessarily twice-differentiable.

If $f\in {H}^{\alpha }\left({C}_{\alpha }\right)$ , $0<\alpha \le 2,$ then we say that $f$ is Hölder $-\alpha$ smooth with Hölder constant ${C}_{\alpha }.$ The notion of Hölder smoothness can also be extended to $\alpha >2$ in a straightforward way.

Note: If ${\alpha }_{1}<{\alpha }_{2}$ then

$f\in {H}^{{\alpha }_{2}}⇒f\in {H}^{{\alpha }_{1}}.$

Summarizing, we can describe Hölder spaces as follows. If ${f}^{*}\in {H}^{\alpha }\left({C}_{\alpha }\right)$ for some $0<\alpha \le 2$ and ${C}_{\alpha }<\infty ,$ then

• $0<\alpha \le 1$                    $|{f}^{*}\left(t\right)-{f}^{*}\left(s\right)|\le {C}_{\alpha }{|t-s|}^{\alpha }$
• $1<\alpha \le 2$                    $\left|\frac{\partial {f}^{*}}{\partial x},\left(t\right),-,\frac{\partial {f}^{*}}{\partial x},\left(s\right)\right|\le {C}_{\alpha }{|t-s|}^{\alpha -1}$

Note that in general there is a natural relationship between the Hölder space containing the function and the approximation classused to estimate the function. Here we will consider functions which are Hölder $-\alpha$ smooth where $0<\alpha \le 2$ and work with piecewise linear approximations. If we were to consider smootherfunctions, $\alpha >2$ we would need consider higher order approximation functions, i.e. quadratic, cubic, etc.

## Denoising example for signal-plus-gaussian noise observation model

Now let's assume ${f}^{*}\in {H}^{\alpha }\left({C}_{\alpha }\right)$ for some unknown $\alpha \left(0<\alpha \le 2\right)$ ; i.e. we don't know how smooth ${f}^{*}$ is. We will use our observations

${Y}_{i}={f}^{*}\left({x}_{i}\right)+{W}_{i},\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}i=\left\{1,...,n\right\},$

to construct an estimator ${\stackrel{^}{f}}_{n}.$ Intuitively, the smoother ${f}^{*}$ is, the better we should be able to estimate it. Can we take advantage ofextra smoothness in ${f}^{*}$ if we don't know how smooth it is? The smoother ${f}^{*}$ is, the more averaging we can perform to reduce noise. In other words for smoother ${f}^{*}$ we should average over larger bins. Also, we will need to exploit the extra smoothnessin our approximation of ${f}^{*}.$ To that end, we will consider candidate functions that are piecewiselinear functions on uniform partitions of $\left[0,1\right].$ Let

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