# 0.14 The kinetic molecular theory  (Page 7/8)

 Page 7 / 8

This view must be incomplete, though. Each individual particle might create a force proportional to 2v , but there are many particles hitting the wall, generating force, and our pressure gauge can’t possibly measure each tiny impact. So we need to take a different view. The total force generated by all of these tiny impacts will be determined by how many of these impacts there are. If the particles hit the wall more often, then the force will be higher. What determines how frequently the particles hit the wall? One factor should be how dense the particles are in the container. If there are a great many particles in a small volume, then many of the particles will be near the wall and collide with it. So, the frequency of the collisions of the particles with the walls of the container should be proportional to N/V , where N is the number of particles. A second factor would be how large the area of our pressure gauge is, A . A larger surface would be proportionally more collisions. A third factor would be how fast each particle is moving. Faster particles will create more frequent collisions with the wall. Each of these factors individually makes sense.

It is important to note that we have calculated the force of each tiny impact completely independently of the force of impact of any other particles. In fact, from our postulates, we have assumed that the individual particles have no effect on each other since they are so far apart from each other. This is why we can think of the force created by the gas as coming from a huge number of collisions, each one independent of all the others.

Putting these factors together, the frequency of collisions should be proportional to (N/V)Av . If we multiply this by the force of each collision, the total force impacted will be proportional to (2mv)(N/V)Av . Finally, the pressure is the force per area, so we wind up with the result that pressure P must be proportional to 2mv 2 N/V , or:

$\text{P}=\frac{\text{kNm}{\text{v}}^{\text{2}}}{\text{V}}$

( k is just some proportionality constant which we will need to find. We dropped the 2 since it is just a proportionality constant too.)

This result is very promising. It says that P is proportional to the number of particles N , which we could also write as the number of moles, n . That agrees with the Ideal Gas Law. It also says that P is inversely proportional to V . That also agrees with the Ideal Gas Law.

But there are two ways in which this equation looks different from the Ideal Gas Law. The first is that temperature is missing. This is because there was nothing in our postulates about temperature because we had no experiments which told us about how temperature affects molecular motion. The second is the appearance of the term mv 2 . From Physics, this is a very familiar expression, since the kinetic energy of a particle of mass m moving with speed v is ½ mv 2 . Notice that the pressure is proportional to the kinetic energy of the particles.

It is hard to solve the first concern. Temperature as we measured it in the previous Concept Development Study is an arbitrary measure of hot and cold. We simply observed that this measure turned out to the proportional to the pressure of an ideal gas. However, if we compare our equation to the Ideal Gas Law, we can make progress. The Ideal Gas Law tells us that pressure is proportional to n/V times the temperature T . Our equation above tells us that pressure is proportional to N/V times the kinetic energy of the particles, ½ mv 2 . This tells us that the temperature T is proportional to the kinetic energy of each particle, ½ mv 2 .

What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
why we need to study biomolecules, molecular biology in nanotechnology?
?
Kyle
yes I'm doing my masters in nanotechnology, we are being studying all these domains as well..
why?
what school?
Kyle
biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
sciencedirect big data base
Ernesto
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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