# 0.14 The kinetic molecular theory  (Page 2/8)

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Why should these materials, whose molecules do not seem all that different, behave so differently? What are the important characteristics of these molecules that produce these physical properties?

One of our first efforts at making a connection between molecular properties and macroscopic properties is the development of the Kinetic Molecular Theory. Among the very most important concepts in Chemistry is that atoms and molecules are constantly moving. These movements have a lot to do with how and when the atoms and molecules react with each other. Also among these very important concepts is that the movements of atoms and molecules are related to their temperature. We shall see that a higher temperature corresponds to faster molecules with more energy. Knowing this will help us understand a lot of Chemistry, including how chemical reactions are affected by temperature and energy.

## Foundation

Since we wish to relate macroscopic properties to molecular properties, it is worth remembering what observations and conclusions we have already made about each type of property. In this study, we will focus mainly on the observations of gases which led us to the Ideal Gas Law. We will assume that we have made measurements of the pressure of a gas under different conditions. From these, we know that the pressure of a fixed sample of gas is inversely proportional to the volume in which the gas is contained, meaning that if we reduce the volume of the gas by compressing it, the pressure will rise. In a similar way, we know that the pressure of a fixed sample of gas in a fixed volume will increase in proportion to the temperature, provided that we measure the absolute temperature in Kelvin. And finally, the pressure of the gas kept at fixed temperature is proportional to the “particle density” of the gas, which is the number of gas particles (atoms or molecules) divided by the volume of the container.

We have also learned a great deal about molecular properties that will be useful in this Concept Development Study. We know that different atoms have different electronegativities and that, as a result, when these atoms are bonded together, the electron pair sharing is not equal. This can cause the molecule to have a molecular dipole moment. We also know about the geometries of molecules and that a symmetric molecule may not have a dipole moment even if the bonds in the molecule are polar.

There are a few results from Physics which are important to our work. The first of these is that pressure P is the force exerted F divided by the area A on which it is exerted:

P = $\frac{F}{A}$

This sounds complicated but is actually commonly observed. Think of the differences you see when force is applied to a small area, like the head of a nail, instead of being applied over a large area. For example, a stack of books piled on a desk creates a downward force due to gravity, but that force is applied over a large area, which is the size of the bottom book in the stack. This means that it does not generate that much pressure, so the books have no effect on the desk. However, if the stack of books is somehow piled on top of a sharp nail, the pressure created is very high because the force of gravity has been applied to a very, very small area, namely the point of the nail. This high pressure means that the nail may penetrate the surface of the desk. The force applied in either case is the same, but the pressure is quite different when the stack of books is placed on the nail.

anyone know any internet site where one can find nanotechnology papers?
research.net
kanaga
Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
NANO
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
NANO
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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