So why do equal probabilities of survival and reproduction reproduce parental allele frequencies in the offspring generation?
Hopefully the answer to this question is more obvious now that you understand that an equal likelihood of surviving and producing surviving offspring is really about each individual having an equal chance of providing one of the two gametes to every fertilization event that occurs in a population and produces a surviving offspring. Nothing is operating to bias the chances of an individual contributing a gamete to each and every fertilization event and every individual's two alleles have an equal (50:50) chance of ending up in the gamete involved in fertilization. But in case its not quite clear, let's explore the issue a bit further.
To do this, re-examine the pool of potential gametes depicted as buckets in the cartoon above (which is repeated below for your benefit) and answer the questions that follow.
Population of 10 individuals. Each individual's genotype appears in its 'head'. Each individual's buckets represent the two types of gametes the individual produces in equal numbers based on its genotype for a single locus.
a. If a gamete is randomly selected from this population, as happens when each individual has an equal chance of surviving and reproducing, what is the likelihood (probability) that it contains an
A allele?
b. Explain the reasoning behind your response to question a.
Much as there is a 13 in 20 chance of blindly pulling a gold chip out of a bag of 20 chips of which 13 are gold and 7 blue (and they differ in no other way), there is a 13 in 20 or 65% chance that the gamete would contain an
A allele, if a a gamete were randomly selected from the population above (13/20 = 65/100 = 0.65*100 = 65%). Buckets of
A alleles are nearly twice as common as buckets of
a alleles. Consequently when reproduction is random, as happens when every individual has an equal probability of surviving and reproducing, any randomly selected parent is nearly twice as likely to be carrying an
A allele as opposed to an
a allele.
Now consider the following questions.
a. If 15 random matings took place in this population, requiring a total of 30 gametes to be randomly selected, what is the likelihood that each randomly selected gamete contains an
A allele? How about an
a allele?
b. Explain the reasoning supporting your response to question a.
c. Imagine all 30 of the gametes resulting from 15 random matings displayed on a piece of paper in front of you, how frequently would you expect the
A allele to occur in this collection? The
a allele? Why? Please explain.
d. Review your responses to questions a and c. What do they tell you about how likely (frequently) the
A allele is to appear in the offspring population? The
a allele? Why? Please explain.
Ideally, your responses to questions a and c were identical. For each of the 15 random mating events, the probability that a contributed gamete contains an
A allele is 13/20 (65%) and an
a allele 7/20 (35%). This is true because each gamete selection event is independent; the allele one gamete contains does not in anyway influence what allele the second gamete of a fertilization event will contain if mating is random. (This is not true is mating is not random. Can you provide an example?)
Since the above is true for each individual mating event, the overall allelic composition of the resulting offspring generation will simply reflect the probability associated with picking each allele during each random gamete selection event summed for all 30 events. Therefore, on average 65% of the 30 alleles will be
A and 35%
a in the offspring generation if mating is truly random.
Questions & Answers
differentiate between demand and supply
giving examples
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline.
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
ok
Shukri
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but
Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has
The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50.
A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility.
B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier.
C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price.
D,alculate optimum level of output .
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product
