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Foreword

I am pleased to commend Our Cultural Commonwealth to what I hope will be the many readers who will findin the report a vision of the future and a guide to realizing that future.

One role of the American Council of Learned Societies is to convene scholars and institutional leaders toconsider challenges important to the advancement of humanistic studies in all fields. The effective and efficient implementationof digital technologies is precisely such a challenge. It is increasingly evident that new intellectual strategies are emergingin response to the power of digital technologies to support the creation of humanistic knowledge. Innovative forms of writing andimage creation proliferate in arts and letters, with many new works accessible and understood only through digital media. Scholars areincreasingly dependent on sophisticated systems for the creation, curation, and preservation of information. In 2004, therefore, ACLSasked John Unsworth, Dean of the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, tochair a Commission on Cyberinfrastructure in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Dean Unsworth selected the other members of theCommission and its advisers, who worked with dedication and determination. The analysis and recommendations of this report aretheirs, but the responsibility for grappling with the issues they present lies with the wider community of scholarship andeducation.

The convergence of advances in digital technology and humanistic scholarship is not new. Indeed, thispublication is at least the sixth major report focused on technology and scholarship in the humanities and interpretivesocial sciences issued by our Council.

Herbert C. Morton and Anne J. Price, The ACLS Survey of Scholars: The Final Report of Views on Publications,Computers, and Libraries (Washington: University Press of America, 1989). Herbert C. Morton et al, Writings on Scholarly Communication:An Annotated Bibliography of Books and Articles on Publishing, Libraries, Scholarly Research, and Related Issues (University Pressof America, 1988). Scholarly Communication: The Report of the National Enquiry, (John Hopkins University Press, 1979).“Computerized Research in the Humanities,” ACLS Newsletter, Special Supplement, June 1966. Pamela Pavliscak, Seamus Ross, and CharlesHenry, “Information Technology in Humanities Scholarship: Achievements, Prospects, and Challenges—The United StatesFocus,”ACLS Occasional Paper #37,1997.
In 1965, ACLS began a program of providing fellowships to scholars whose projectsexperimented with “computer aided research in the humanities.” A forty-year-old statement of that program’s purpose remainsconvincing: “Of course computers should be used by scholars in the humanities, just as microscopes should be used by scientists. . .[t]he facts and patterns that they—and often they alone—can revealshould be viewed not as the definitive answers to the questions that humanists have been asking, but rather as the occasion for awhole range of new and more penetrating and more exciting questions.”
Charles Blitzer, “This Wonderful Machine: Some Thoughts on the Computer and the Humanities,” ACLS Newsletter,Vol. XVII, April 1966, No. 4.
For the past forty years increasing numbers of individual scholars have validated andre-validated that assertion. We now have arrived at the point, however, where we cannot rely on individual enterprise alone. Thisreport is therefore primarily concerned not with the technological innovations that now suffuse academia, but rather withinstitutional innovations that will allow digital scholarship to be cumulative, collaborative, and synergistic.

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, "our cultural commonwealth" the report of the american council of learned societies commission on cyberinfrastructure for the humanities and social sciences. OpenStax CNX. Dec 15, 2006 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10391/1.2
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