This type of mutation occurs when a chromosomal section is separated from the chromosome, rotates 180 degrees, and rejoins the chromosome in an opposite orientation. This type of mutation can affect a gene at many levels. If an inversion disrupts a promoter region, the gene may not be transcribed at all. If the coding sequence is disrupted, a non-functional gene product (protein) may result.
Translocations
This type of chromosomal aberration results when one portion of a chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. This can be a very harmful event if it leads to a subsequent gain or loss of genetic material. Additionally, when a gene from one chromosome moves to another chromosome, large changes in the ability to regulate expression of the gene may occur. Some forms of leukemia result from translocations. In these cases, various genes controlling growth of white blood cells are constantly turned on, leading to an uncontrolled proliferation of these cells and the various clinical manifestations of leukemia.
Lacz mutations*
LacZ mutations are an example of particular mutations found in the LacZ gene of E.coli, which encodes the lactose hydrolyzing enzyme ß-galactosidase. There is a special compound known as X-gal that can be hydrolyzed by ß-galactosidase to release a dark blue pigment. When X-gal is added to the growth medium in petri plates, Lac+ E. coli colonies turn blue, whereas Lac– colonies with mutations in the LacZ gene are white. By screening many colonies on such plates it is possible to isolate a collection of E. coli mutants with alterations in the LacZ gene. PCR amplification of the LacZ gene from each mutant followed by DNA sequencing allows the base changes that cause the LacZ– phenotype to be determined. A very large number of different LacZ mutations can be found, but they can be categorized into three general types: missense, nonsense and frameshift .
Causes of mutations
Mutations are caused by substances that disrupt the chemical structure of DNA or the sequence of its bases. Radiation, various chemicals, and chromosome rearrangements are some of the many sources of mutation.
Mutation rates
All of us are subjected to mutagenic events throughout our lifetime. Depending upon the type of mutation, the frequency ranges from 10-2/cell division to 10-10/cell division. Our cells have numerous mechanisms to repair and/or prevent the propagation of these mutations.
Suppressor mutations*
A powerful mode of genetic analysis is to investigate the types of mutations that can reverse the phenotypic effects of a starting mutation. Say that you start with a mi- λ phage mutant that makes small plaques. After plating a large number of these mutant phages, rare revertants can be isolated by looking for phage that have restored the ability to make large plaques. These revertants could have either been mutated such that the starting mutation was reversed, or they could have acquired a new mutation that somehow compensates for the starting mutation. The possibilities are:
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
hello. autism is a umbrella term. autistic kids have different disorder overlapping. for example. a kid may show symptoms of ADHD and also learning disabilities.
before treatment please make sure the kid doesn't have physical disabilities like hearing..vision..speech problem. sometimes these
Jharna
continue..
sometimes due to these physical problems..the diagnosis may be misdiagnosed.
treatment for autism.
well it depends on the severity.
since autistic kids have problems in communicating and adopting to the environment.. it's best to expose the child in situations where the child
Jharna
child interact with other kids under doc supervision.
play therapy.
speech therapy.
Engaging in different activities that activate most parts of the brain.. like drawing..painting. matching color board game.
string and beads game.
the more you interact with the child the more effective
Jharna
results you'll get..
please consult a therapist to know what suits best on your child.
and last as a parent. I know sometimes it's overwhelming to guide a special kid.
but trust the process and be strong and patient as a parent.
Jharna
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