Microbiology

OpenStax

@

0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About Microbiology

0.7 Coverage and scope

0.8 American society of microbiology (asm) partnership

0.10 Asm recommended curriculum guidelines for undergraduate microbiology

0.11 Openstax Microbiology Correlation to asm recommended curriculum guidelines

0.12 Engaging feature boxes

0.13 Comprehensive art program

0.14 Materials that reinforce key concepts

0.15 Additional resources

0.16 Student and instructor resources

0.17 Partner resources

0.18 About the authors

0.19 Senior contributing authors

0.20 Contributing authors

1 Fundamentals of physics and chemistry important to microbiology

1.1 Atomic structure

1.2 Chemical elements

1.3 Chemical bonds

1.4 Covalent bonds

1.5 Ions and ionic bonds

1.6 Molecular formula, molecular mass, and the mole

1.8 Chemical reactions

1.9 Properties of water and solutions

1.10 Acids and bases

2 Mathematical basics

3 Metabolic pathways

4 Taxonomy of clinically relevant microorganisms

4.1 Bacterial pathogens

4.2 Viral pathogens

4.3 Fungal pathogens

4.4 Protozoan pathogens

4.5 Parasitic helminths

An invisible world

1 What our ancestors knew

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Fermented foods and beverages

1.3 The iceman treateth

1.4 Early notions of disease, contagion, and containment

1.5 The birth of microbiology

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.8 Short answer

2 A systematic approach

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 The science of taxonomy

2.3 Evolving trees of life (phylogenies)

2.4 The role of genetics in modern taxonomy

2.5 Naming microbes

2.6 Bergey’s manuals

2.7 Fill in the blank

2.8 Short answer

3 Types of microorganisms

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Prokaryotic microorganisms

3.3 Eukaryotic microorganisms

3.8 Microbiology as a field of study

3.9 Fill in the blank

3.10 Short answer

How we see the invisible world

1 The properties of light

2 Peering into the invisible world

3 Instruments of microscopy

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Light microscopy

3.3 Brightfield microscopes

3.4 Darkfield microscopy

3.5 Phase-contrast microscopes

3.6 Differential interference contrast microscopes

3.7 Fluorescence microscopes

3.8 Confocal microscopes

3.9 Two-photon microscopes

3.10 Electron microscopy

3.11 Scanning probe microscopy

3.12 Key concepts and summary

3.13 Fill in the blank

3.14 Short answer

4 Staining microscopic specimens

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Preparing specimens for light microscopy

4.3 Gram staining

4.4 Acid-fast stains

4.5 Capsule staining

4.6 Endospore staining

4.7 Flagella staining

4.8 Preparing specimens for electron microscopy

4.9 Preparation and staining for other microscopes

4.10 Key concepts and summary

4.11 Fill in the blank

4.12 Short answer

1 Spontaneous generation

2 Foundations of modern cell theory

3 Unique characteristics of prokaryotic cells

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Common cell morphologies and arrangements

3.3 The nucleoid

3.8 Plasma membrane

3.9 Membrane transport mechanisms

3.10 Photosynthetic membrane structures

3.12 Glycocalyces and s-layers

3.13 Filamentous appendages

3.14 Fimbriae and pili

3.16 Key concepts and summary

3.17 True/false

3.18 Fill in the blank

3.19 Short answer

4 Unique characteristics of eukaryotic cells

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Cell morphologies

4.6 Endomembrane system

4.7 Endoplasmic reticulum

4.8 Golgi apparatus

4.10 Peroxisomes

4.11 Cytoskeleton

4.12 Mitochondria

4.13 Chloroplasts

4.14 Plasma membrane

4.15 Membrane transport mechanisms

4.17 Extracellular matrix

4.18 Flagella and cilia

4.19 Key concepts and summary

4.20 True/false

4.21 Fill in the blank

4.22 Short answer

Prokaryotic diversity

1 Prokaryote habitats, relationships, and microbiomes

2 Proteobacteria

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Alphaproteobacteria

2.3 Betaproteobacteria

2.4 Gammaproteobacteria

2.5 Deltaproteobacteria

2.6 Epsilonproteobacteria

2.7 Key concepts and summary

2.8 Fill in the blank

2.9 Short answer

3 Nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria and phototrophic bacteria

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Spirochetes

3.3 Cytophaga , Fusobacterium , and Bacteroides

3.4 Planctomycetes

3.5 Phototrophic bacteria

3.6 Key concepts and summary

3.7 Fill in the blank

3.8 Short answer

4 Gram-positive bacteria

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Actinobacteria: high g+c gram-positive bacteria

4.3 Low g+c gram-positive bacteria

4.5 Lactobacillales

4.7 Mycoplasmas

4.8 Key concepts and summary

4.9 Fill in the blank

4.10 Short answer

5 Deeply branching bacteria

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Crenarchaeota

6.3 Euryarchaeota

6.4 Key concepts and summary

6.5 Fill in the blank

6.6 Short answer

The eukaryotes of microbiology

1 Unicellular eukaryotic parasites

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Characteristics of protists

1.3 Taxonomy of protists

1.5 Chromalveolata

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Parasitic helminths

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Characteristics of fungi

3.3 Fungal diversity

3.4 Key concepts and summary

3.5 Fill in the blank

3.6 Short answer

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Algal diversity

4.3 Key concepts and summary

4.4 Fill in the blank

4.5 Short answer

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Characteristics

5.3 Lichen diversity

5.4 Key concepts and summary

5.5 Short answer

Acellular pathogens

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Hosts and viral transmission

1.3 Viral structures

1.4 Classification and taxonomy of viruses

1.5 Classification of viral diseases

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 The viral life cycle

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 The life cycle of viruses with prokaryote hosts

2.3 The lytic cycle

2.4 The lysogenic cycle

2.5 Transduction

2.6 Life cycle of viruses with animal hosts

2.7 Persistent infections

2.8 Latent infection

2.9 Chronic infection

2.10 Life cycle of viruses with plant hosts

2.11 Viral growth curve

2.12 Key concepts and summary

2.13 Fill in the blank

2.14 Short answer

3 Isolation, culture, and identification of viruses

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Isolation of viruses

3.3 Cultivation of viruses

3.4 Detection of a virus

3.5 Hemagglutination assay

3.6 Nucleic acid amplification test

3.7 Enzyme immunoassay

3.8 Key concepts and summary

3.9 Fill in the blank

3.10 Short answer

4 Viroids, virusoids, and prions

Microbial biochemistry

1 Organic molecules

2 Carbohydrates

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Monosaccharides: the sweet ones

2.3 Disaccharides

2.4 Polysaccharides

2.5 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Short answer

5 Using biochemistry to identify microorganisms

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Key concepts and summary

5.3 Fill in the blank

5.5 Short answer

Microbial metabolism

1 Energy, matter, and enzymes

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Classification by carbon and energy source

1.3 Oxidation and reduction in metabolism

1.4 Energy carriers: nad + , nadp + , fad, and atp

1.5 Enzyme structure and function

1.6 Enzyme inhibitors

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.10 Short answer

2 Catabolism of carbohydrates

3 Cellular respiration

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Key concepts and summary

4.3 Fill in the blank

4.5 Short answer

5 Catabolism of lipids and proteins

6 Photosynthesis

7 Biogeochemical cycles

Microbial growth

1 How microbes grow

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Binary fission

1.3 Generation time

1.4 The growth curve

1.5 The lag phase

1.6 The log phase

1.7 Stationary phase

1.8 The death phase

1.9 Sustaining microbial growth

1.10 Measurement of bacterial growth

1.11 Direct cell count

1.12 Plate count

1.13 Serial dilution

1.14 The most probable number

1.15 Indirect cell counts

1.16 Alternative patterns of cell division

1.18 Biofilm structure

1.19 Biofilm formation

1.20 Biofilms and human health

1.21 Key concepts and summary

1.22 Fill in the blank

1.24 Short answer

2 Oxygen requirements for microbial growth

3 The effects of ph on microbial growth

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Key concepts and summary

3.3 Fill in the blank

3.4 Short answer

4 Temperature and microbial growth

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Key concepts and summary

4.4 Short answer

5 Other environmental conditions that affect growth

6 Media used for bacterial growth

Biochemistry of the genome

1 Using microbiology to discover the secrets of life

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Discovery and characterization of dna

1.3 Foundations of genetics

1.4 Mendel’s pea plants

1.5 The chromosomal theory of inheritance

1.6 Microbes and viruses in genetic research

1.7 Dna as the molecule responsible for heredity

1.8 Griffith’s transformation experiments

1.9 Hershey and chase’s proof of dna as genetic material

1.10 Key concepts and summary

1.11 Fill in the blank

1.12 Short answer

2 Structure and function of dna

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Dna nucleotides

2.3 Discovering the double helix

2.4 Dna structure

2.5 Dna function

2.6 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Fill in the blank

2.9 Short answer

3 Structure and function of rna

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Rna structure

3.3 Functions of rna in protein synthesis

3.4 Rna as hereditary information

3.5 Key concepts and summary

3.8 Short answer

4 Structure and function of cellular genomes

Mechanisms of microbial genetics

1 The functions of genetic material

2 Dna replication

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Dna replication in bacteria

2.5 Termination

2.6 Dna replication in eukaryotes

2.7 Dna replication of extrachromosomal elements: plasmids and viruses

2.8 Rolling circle replication

2.9 Key concepts and summary

2.10 Fill in the blank

2.11 True/false

2.12 Short answer

3 Rna transcription

4 Protein synthesis (translation)

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 The genetic code

4.3 The protein synthesis machinery

4.5 Transfer rnas

4.6 The mechanism of protein synthesis

4.9 Termination

4.10 Protein targeting, folding, and modification

4.11 Key concepts and summary

4.12 Fill in the blank

4.13 True/false

4.14 Short answer

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Effects of mutations on dna sequence

5.3 Effects of mutations on protein structure and function

5.4 Causes of mutations

5.5 Chemical mutagens

5.8 Proofreading

5.9 Mismatch repair

5.10 Repair of thymine dimers

5.11 Identifying bacterial mutants

5.12 The ames test

5.13 Key concepts and summary

5.14 Fill in the blank

5.15 True/false

5.16 Short answer

6 How asexual prokaryotes achieve genetic diversity

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Transformation

6.3 Transduction

6.4 Conjugation

6.5 Conjugation of the f plasmid

6.6 Conjugation of f’ and hfr cells

6.7 Consequences and applications of conjugation

6.8 Transposition

6.9 Key concepts and summary

6.10 Fill in the blank

6.11 True/false

6.12 Short answer

7 Gene regulation: operon theory

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Prokaryotic gene regulation

7.3 Regulation by repression

7.4 The trp Operon: a repressible operon

7.5 The lac Operon: an inducible operon

7.6 The lac Operon: activation by catabolite activator protein

7.7 Global responses of prokaryotes

7.9 Alternate σ factors

7.10 Additional methods of regulation in bacteria: attenuation and riboswitches

7.11 Other factors affecting gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

7.12 Dna-level control

7.13 Key concepts and summary

7.14 Fill in the blank

7.15 Short answer

Modern applications of microbial genetics

1 Microbes and the tools of genetic engineering

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Molecular cloning

1.3 Restriction enzymes and ligases

1.5 Molecular cloning using transformation

1.6 Molecular cloning using conjugation or transduction

1.7 Creating a genomic library

1.8 Introducing recombinant molecules into eukaryotic hosts

1.9 Electroporation

1.10 Microinjection

1.12 Shuttle vectors

1.13 Viral vectors

1.14 Key concepts and summary

1.15 True/false

1.16 Fill in the blank

1.17 Short answer

2 Visualizing and characterizing dna, rna, and protein

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Molecular analysis of dna

2.3 Nucleic acid probing

2.4 Agarose gel electrophoresis

2.5 Restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis

2.6 Southern blots and modifications

2.7 Microarray analysis

2.8 Molecular analysis of proteins

2.9 Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

2.10 Amplification-based dna analysis methods

2.11 Polymerase chain reaction (pcr)

2.12 Pcr variations

2.13 Dna sequencing

2.14 Key concepts and summary

2.15 Fill in the blank

2.16 True/false

2.17 Short answer

3 Whole genome methods and pharmaceutical applications of genetic engineering

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics

3.3 Recombinant dna technology and pharmaceutical production

3.4 Rna interference technology

3.5 Key concepts and summary

3.6 Fill in the blank

3.8 Short answer

Control of microbial growth

1 Controlling microbial growth

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Laboratory biological safety levels

1.3 Sterilization

1.4 Other methods of control

1.5 Measuring microbial control

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Using physical methods to control microorganisms

3 Using chemicals to control microorganisms

3.1 Learning objectives

3.3 Heavy metals

3.6 Copper, nickel, and zinc

3.9 Surfactants

3.10 Bisbiguanides

3.11 Alkylating agents

3.12 Peroxygens

3.13 Supercritical fluids

3.14 Chemical food preservatives

3.15 Natural chemical food preservatives

3.16 Key concepts and summary

3.17 Fill in the blank

3.18 True/false

3.19 Short answer

4 Testing the effectiveness of antiseptics and disinfectants

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Phenol coefficient

4.3 Disk-diffusion method

4.4 Use-dilution test

4.5 In-use test

4.6 Key concepts and summary

4.7 Fill in the blank

4.8 Short answer

Antimicrobial drugs

1 History of chemotherapy and antimicrobial discovery

2 Fundamentals of antimicrobial chemotherapy

3 Mechanisms of antibacterial drugs

3.1 Learning objective

3.2 Inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis

3.3 Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis

3.4 Protein synthesis inhibitors that bind the 30s subunit

3.5 Protein synthesis inhibitors that bind the 50s subunit

3.6 Inhibitors of membrane function

3.7 Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

3.8 Inhibitors of metabolic pathways

3.9 Inhibitor of atp synthase

3.10 Key concepts and summary

3.11 Fill in the blank

3.12 True/false

3.13 Short answer

4 Mechanisms of other antimicrobial drugs

4.1 Learning objective

4.2 Antifungal drugs

4.3 Antiprotozoan drugs

4.4 Antihelminthic drugs

4.5 Antiviral drugs

4.6 Key concepts and summary

4.7 Fill in the blank

4.9 Short answer

5 Drug resistance

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Mechanisms for drug resistance

5.3 Drug modification or inactivation

5.4 Prevention of cellular uptake or efflux

5.5 Target modification

5.6 Target overproduction or enzymatic bypass

5.7 Target mimicry

5.8 Multidrug-resistant microbes and cross resistance

5.9 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (mrsa)

5.10 Vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus

5.11 Extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens

5.12 Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria

5.13 Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

5.14 Key concepts and summary

5.15 Fill in the blank

5.16 Short answer

6 Testing the effectiveness of antimicrobials

7 Current strategies for antimicrobial discovery

Microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity

1 Characteristics of infectious disease

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Signs and symptoms of disease

1.3 Classifications of disease

1.4 Periods of disease

1.5 Acute and chronic diseases

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.8 Short answer

2 How pathogens cause disease

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Koch’s postulates

2.3 Molecular koch’s postulates

2.4 Pathogenicity and virulence

2.5 Primary pathogens versus opportunistic pathogens

2.6 Stages of pathogenesis

2.11 Transmission of disease

2.12 Key concepts and summary

2.13 Fill in the blank

3 Virulence factors of bacterial and viral pathogens

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Virulence factors for adhesion

3.3 Bacterial exoenzymes and toxins as virulence factors

3.6 Virulence factors for survival in the host and immune evasion

3.7 Viral virulence

3.8 Viral adhesins

3.9 Antigenic variation in viruses

3.10 Key concepts and summary

3.11 Fill in the blank

4 Virulence factors of eukaryotic pathogens

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Fungal virulence

4.3 Protozoan virulence

4.4 Helminth virulence

4.5 Key concepts and summary

4.6 Fill in the blank

4.7 Short answer

Disease and epidemiology

1 The language of epidemiologists

2 Tracking infectious diseases

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Pioneers of epidemiology

2.3 Types of epidemiological studies

2.4 Observational studies

2.5 Experimental studies

2.6 Key concepts and summary

2.8 Fill in the blank

2.9 Short answer

3 Modes of disease transmission

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Reservoirs and carriers

3.3 Transmission

3.4 Contact transmission

3.5 Vehicle transmission

3.6 Vector transmission

3.7 Quarantining

3.8 Healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infections

3.9 Key concepts and summary

3.10 Fill in the blank

3.11 Short answer

4 Global public health

Innate nonspecific host defenses

1 Physical defenses

2 Chemical defenses

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Chemical and enzymatic mediators found in body fluids

2.3 Antimicrobial peptides

2.4 Plasma protein mediators

2.5 Acute-phase proteins

2.6 The complement system

2.8 Inflammation-eliciting mediators

2.9 Key concepts and summary

2.10 Fill in the blank

2.11 Short answer

3 Cellular defenses

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Hematopoiesis

3.3 Granulocytes

3.4 Neutrophils (pmns)

3.5 Eosinophils

3.8 Agranulocytes

3.9 Natural killer cells

3.11 Key concepts and summary

3.13 Fill in the blank

3.14 Short answer

4 Pathogen recognition and phagocytosis

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Extravasation (diapedesis) of leukocytes

4.3 Pathogen recognition

4.4 Pathogen degradation

4.5 Key concepts and summary

4.6 Fill in the blank

4.7 Short answer

5 Inflammation and fever

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Acute inflammation

5.3 Chronic inflammation

5.5 Key concepts and summary

5.6 Fill in the blank

5.7 Short answer

Adaptive specific host defenses

1 Overview of specific adaptive immunity

1.1 Learning objectives

1.4 Antibody classes

1.5 Antigen-antibody interactions

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Major histocompatibility complexes and antigen-presenting cells

3 T lymphocytes and cellular immunity

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 T cell production and maturation

3.3 Classes of t cells

3.4 T-cell receptors

3.5 Activation and differentiation of helper t cells

3.6 Activation and differentiation of cytotoxic t cells

3.7 Superantigens and unregulated activation of t cells

3.8 Key concepts and summary

3.9 Fill in the blank

3.10 Short answer

4 B lymphocytes and humoral immunity

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 B cell production and maturation

4.3 B-cell receptors

4.4 T cell-independent activation of b cells

4.5 T cell-dependent activation of b cells

4.6 Primary and secondary responses

4.7 Key concepts and summary

4.8 Fill in the blank

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Classifications of adaptive immunity

5.3 Herd immunity

5.4 Variolation and vaccination

5.5 Classes of vaccines

5.6 Live attenuated vaccines

5.7 Inactivated vaccines

5.8 Subunit vaccines

5.9 Toxoid vaccines

5.10 Conjugate vaccines

5.11 Key concepts and summary

5.13 Fill in the blank

5.14 Short answer

Diseases of the immune system

1 Hypersensitivities

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Type i hypersensitivities

1.3 Type ii (cytotoxic) hypersensitivities

1.4 Abo blood group incompatibility

1.6 Type iii hypersensitivities

1.7 Type iv hypersensitivities

1.8 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

1.9 Diagnosis of hypersensitivities

1.10 Treatments of hypersensitivities

1.11 Key concepts and summary

1.12 Fill in the blank

1.13 Short answer

2 Autoimmune disorders

3 Organ transplantation and rejection

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Transplant rejection

3.3 Graft-versus-host disease

3.4 The future of transplantation

3.5 Key concepts and summary

3.7 Fill in the blank

3.8 Short answer

4 Immunodeficiency

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Primary immunodeficiency

4.3 Chronic granulomatous disease

4.4 X-linked agammaglobulinemia

4.5 Selective iga deficiency

4.6 Severe combined immunodeficiency

4.7 Secondary immunodeficiency

4.8 Key concepts and summary

4.9 Fill in the blank

4.10 Short answer

5 Cancer immunobiology and immunotherapy

Laboratory analysis of the immune response

1 Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Producing polyclonal antibodies

1.3 Clinical uses of polyclonal antisera

1.4 Producing monoclonal antibodies

1.5 Clinical uses of monoclonal antibodies

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.8 Short answer

2 Detecting antigen-antibody complexes

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Precipitin reactions

2.3 Precipitin ring test

2.4 Ouchterlony assay

2.5 Radial immunodiffusion assay

2.6 Flocculation assays

2.7 Neutralization assay

2.8 Immunoelectrophoresis

2.9 Immunoblot assay: the western blot

2.10 Complement-mediated immunoassay

2.11 Key concepts and summary

2.12 Fill in the blank

2.13 Short answer

3 Agglutination assays

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Agglutination of bacteria and viruses

3.3 Hemagglutination

3.4 Blood typing and cross-matching

3.5 Key concepts and summary

3.6 Fill in the blank

3.7 Short answer

4 Eias and elisas

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Immunostaining

4.3 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas)

4.4 Immunofiltration and immunochromatographic assays

4.5 Key concepts and summary

4.6 Fill in the blank

4.7 Short answer

5 Fluorescent antibody techniques

Skin and eye infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the skin and eyes

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Layers of the skin

1.3 Normal microbiota of the skin

1.4 Infections of the skin

1.5 Anatomy and microbiota of the eye

1.6 Infections of the eye

1.7 Key concepts and summary

1.8 Fill in the blank

1.9 Short answer

2 Bacterial infections of the skin and eyes

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Staphylococcal infections of the skin

2.3 Superficial staphylococcal infections

2.5 Nosocomial S. epidermidis Infections

2.6 Streptococcal infections of the skin

2.7 Cellulitis, erysipelas, and erythema nosodum

2.8 Necrotizing fasciitis

2.9 Pseudomonas Infections of the skin

2.12 Bacterial conjunctivitis

2.13 Neonatal conjunctivitis

2.15 Bacterial keratitis

2.16 Biofilms and infections of the skin and eyes

2.17 Key concepts and summary

2.18 Fill in the blank

2.19 Short answer

3 Viral infections of the skin and eyes

3.1 Learning objectives

3.3 Oral herpes

3.4 Roseola and fifth disease

3.5 Viral conjunctivitis

3.6 Herpes keratitis

3.7 Key concepts and summary

3.8 Fill in the blank

3.9 Short answer

4 Mycoses of the skin

4.1 Learning objectives

4.3 Cutaneous aspergillosis

4.4 Candidiasis of the skin and nails

4.5 Sporotrichosis

4.6 Key concepts and summary

4.7 Fill in the blank

4.8 Short answer

5 Protozoan and helminthic infections of the skin and eyes

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Acanthamoeba Infections

5.4 Key concepts and summary

5.5 Fill in the blank

Respiratory system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the respiratory tract

2 Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Streptococcal infections

2.3 Sequelae of S. pyogenes Infections

2.4 Acute otitis media

2.5 Bacterial rhinosinusitis

2.7 Bacterial pneumonia

2.8 Pneumococcal pneumonia

2.9 Haemophilus Pneumonia

2.10 Mycoplasma Pneumonia (walking pneumonia)

2.11 Chlamydial pneumonias and psittacosis

2.12 Health care-associated pneumonia

2.13 Pseudomonas Pneumonia

2.14 Tuberculosis

2.15 Pertussis (whooping cough)

2.16 Legionnaires disease

2.18 Key concepts and summary

2.19 Fill in the blank

2.20 Short answer

3 Viral infections of the respiratory tract

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 The common cold

3.4 Viral pneumonia

3.5 Sars and mers

3.6 Viral respiratory diseases causing skin rashes

3.7 Measles (rubeola)

3.8 Rubella (german measles)

3.9 Chickenpox and shingles

3.10 Key concepts and summary

3.11 Fill in the blank

3.12 Short answer

4 Respiratory mycoses

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Histoplasmosis

4.3 Coccidioidomycosis

4.4 Blastomycosis

4.5 Mucormycosis

4.6 Aspergillosis

4.7 Pneumocystis Pneumonia

4.8 Cryptococcosis

4.9 Key concepts and summary

4.10 Fill in the blank

4.11 Short answer

Urogenital system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the urogenital tract

2 Bacterial infections of the urinary system

2.1 Learning objectives

2.3 Kidney infections (pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis)

2.4 Leptospirosis

2.5 Nongonococcal urethritis (ngu)

2.6 Key concepts and summary

2.7 Fill in the blank

2.8 Short answer

3 Bacterial infections of the reproductive system

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Bacterial vaginitis and vaginosis

3.6 Congenital syphilis

3.8 Key concepts and summary

3.9 Fill in the blank

3.10 Short answer

4 Viral infections of the reproductive system

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Genital herpes

4.3 Neonatal herpes

4.4 Human papillomas

4.5 Key concepts and summary

4.6 Fill in the blank

4.7 Short answer

5 Fungal infections of the reproductive system

6 Protozoan infections of the urogenital system

Digestive system infections

1 Anatomy and normal microbiota of the digestive system

2 Microbial diseases of the mouth and oral cavity

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Dental caries

2.3 Periodontal disease

2.4 Trench mouth

2.5 Oral infections

2.6 Herpetic gingivostomatitis

2.7 Oral thrush

2.9 Key concepts and summary

2.10 Fill in the blank

2.11 Short answer

3 Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Staphylococcal food poisoning

3.3 Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)

3.4 Salmonellosis

3.5 Typhoid fever

3.6 E. coli Infections

3.7 Cholera and other vibrios

3.8 Campylobacter jejuni Gastroenteritis

3.9 Peptic ulcers

3.10 Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis

3.11 Clostridium difficile

3.12 Foodborne illness due to Bacillus cereus

3.13 Foodborne illness due to Yersinia

3.14 Key concepts and summary

3.15 Fill in the blank

4 Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract

5 Protozoan infections of the gastrointestinal tract

5.1 Learning objectives

5.3 Cryptosporidiosis

5.4 Amoebiasis (amebiasis)

5.5 Cyclosporiasis

5.6 Key concepts and summary

5.7 Fill in the blank

5.8 Short answer

6 Helminthic infections of the gastrointestinal tract

Circulatory and lymphatic system infections

1 Anatomy of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 The circulatory system

1.3 The lymphatic system

1.4 Infections of the circulatory system

1.5 Infections of the lymphatic system

1.6 Key concepts and summary

1.7 Fill in the blank

1.8 Short answer

2 Bacterial infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

3 Viral infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Infectious mononucleosis and burkitt lymphoma

3.3 Cytomegalovirus infections

3.4 Arthropod-borne viral diseases

3.5 Yellow fever

3.6 Dengue fever

3.7 Chikungunya fever

3.8 Ebola virus disease

3.10 Human immunodeficiency virus

3.11 Key concepts and summary

3.12 Fill in the blank

3.13 Short answer

4 Parasitic infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems

4.1 Learning objectives

4.3 Toxoplasmosis

4.5 Chagas disease

4.6 Leishmaniasis

4.7 Schistosomiasis

4.8 Cercarial dermatitis

4.9 Key concepts and summary

4.10 Fill in the blank

4.11 Short answer

Nervous system infections

1 Anatomy of the nervous system

2 Bacterial diseases of the nervous system

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Bacterial meningitis

2.3 Meningococcal meningitis

2.4 Pneumococcal meningitis

2.5 Haemophilus influenzae Type b

2.6 Neonatal meningitis

2.7 Clostridium -associated diseases

2.10 Listeriosis

2.11 Hansen’s disease (leprosy)

2.12 Key concepts and summary

2.13 Fill in the blank

2.14 Short answer

3 Acellular diseases of the nervous system

4 Fungal and parasitic diseases of the nervous system

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Cryptococcocal meningitis

4.3 Amoebic meningitis

4.4 Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

4.5 Human african trypanosomiasis

4.6 Neurotoxoplasmosis

4.7 Neurocysticercosis

4.8 Key concepts and summary

4.9 Fill in the blank

4.10 Short answer

Source: OpenStax, Microbiology. OpenStax CNX. Nov 01, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12087/1.4

	Business Law Ethics By Kevin Moquin Start Quiz
	How much do you love him? By Zarina Chocolate Start Quiz
	Business Statistics By David Bourgeois Start Quiz
	13 AP 13 Nervous System Essay By OpenStax Start Flashcards
©flickr:	Spanish Test By Tess Armstrong Start Quiz
	3 Arts Society: Theater 3 By Jonathan Long Start Quiz
	Biology Exam Final By Savannah Parrish Start Exam
	Who Said This Quote Quiz By Yasser Ibrahim Start Quiz
	World Capitals Quiz By Yasser Ibrahim Start Quiz
	Engineering Communication MCQ By Steve Gibbs Start Quiz