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Anh-Hue Thi Tu (Senior Reviewer), Georgia Southwestern State University
Dr. Anh-Hue Tu (born in Saigon, Vietnam) earned a BS in Chemistry from Baylor University and a PhD in Medical Sciences from Texas A&M Health Science Center. At the University of Alabama–Birmingham, she completed postdoctoral appointments in the areas of transcriptional regulation in Escherichia coli and characterization of virulence factors in Streptococcus pneumoniae and then became a research assistant professor working in the field of mycoplasmology. In 2004, Dr. Tu joined Georgia Southwestern State University where she currently serves as Professor, teaching various biology courses and overseeing undergraduate student research. Her areas of research interest include gene regulation, bacterial genetics, and molecular biology. Dr. Tu's teaching philosophy is to instill in her students the love of science by using critical thinking. As a teacher, she believes it is important to take technical information and express it in a way that is understandable to any student.

Brian M. Forster, Saint Joseph's University
Dr. Brian M. Forster received his BS in Biology from Binghamton University and his PhD in Microbiology from Cornell University. In 2011, he joined the faculty of Saint Joseph’s University. Dr. Forster is the laboratory coordinator for the natural science laboratory-based classes designed for students who are not science majors. He teaches courses in general biology, heredity and evolution, environmental science, and microbiology for students wishing to enter nursing or allied health programs. He has publications in the Journal of Bacteriology , the Journal of Microbiology&Biology Education and Tested Studies for Laboratory Education (ABLE Proceedings).

Philip Lister, Central New Mexico Community College
Dr. Philip Lister earned his BS in Microbiology (1986) from Kansas State University and PhD in Medical Microbiology (1992) from Creighton University. He was a Professor of Medical Microbiology and Immunology at Creighton University (1994-2011), with appointments in the Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy. He also served as Associate Director of the Center for Research in Anti-Infectives and Biotechnology. He has published research articles, reviews, and book chapters related to antimicrobial resistance and pharmacodynamics, and has served as an Editor for the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy . He is currently serving as Chair of Biology and Biotechnology at Central New Mexico Community College.

Contributing authors

Summer Allen, Brown University
Ann Auman, Pacific Lutheran University
Graciela Brelles-Mariño, Universidad Nacional de la Plata
Myriam Alhadeff Feldman, Lake Washington Institute of Technology
Paul Flowers, University of North Carolina–Pembroke
Clifton Franklund, Ferris State University
Ann Paterson, Williams Baptist University
George Pinchuk, Mississippi University for Women
Ben Rowley, University of Central Arkansas
Mark Sutherland, Hendrix College

Reviewers

Michael Angell, Eastern Michigan University
Roberto Anitori, Clark College
James Bader, Case Western Reserve University
Amy Beumer, College of William and Mary
Gilles Bolduc, Massasoit Community College
Susan Bornstein-Forst, Marian University
Nancy Boury, Iowa State University
Jennifer Brigati, Maryville College
Harold Bull, University of Saskatchewan
Evan Burkala, Oklahoma State University
Bernadette Connors, Dominican College
Richard J. Cristiano, Houston Community College–Northwest
AnnMarie DelliPizzi, Dominican College
Elisa M. LaBeau DiMenna, Central New Mexico Community College
Diane Dixon, Southeastern Oklahoma State University
Randy Durren, Longwood University
Elizabeth A. B. Emmert, Salisbury University
Karen Frederick, Marygrove College
Sharon Gusky, Northwestern Connecticut Community College
Deborah V. Harbour, College of Southern Nevada
Randall Harris, William Carey University
Diane Hartman, Baylor University
Angela Hartsock, University of Akron
Nazanin Zarabadi Hebel, Houston Community College
Heather Klenovich, Community College of Alleghany County
Kathleen Lavoie, Plattsburgh State University
Toby Mapes, Blue Ridge Community College
Barry Margulies, Towson University
Kevin M. McCabe, Columbia Gorge Community College
Karin A. Melkonian, Long Island University
Jennifer Metzler, Ball State University
Ellyn R. Mulcahy, Johnson County Community College
Jonas Okeagu, Fayetteville State University
Randall Kevin Pegg, Florida State College–Jacksonville
Judy Penn, Shoreline Community College
Lalitha Ramamoorthy, Marian University
Drew Rholl, North Park University
Hilda Rodriguez, Miami Dade College
Sean Rollins, Fitchburg State University
Sameera Sayeed, University of Pittsburgh
Pramila Sen, Houston Community College
Brian Róbert Shmaefsky, Kingwood College
Janie Sigmon, York Technical College
Denise Signorelli, College of Southern Nevada
Molly Smith, South Georgia State College–Waycross
Paula Steiert, Southwest Baptist University
Robert Sullivan, Fairfield University
Suzanne Wakim, Butte Community College
Anne Weston, Francis Crick Institute
Valencia L. Williams, West Coast University
James Wise, Chowan State University
Virginia Young, Mercer University

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu

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Source:  OpenStax, Microbiology. OpenStax CNX. Nov 01, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12087/1.4
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