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H

  • hair follicle a structure embedded in the dermis from which hair grows
  • halophile organism that depends on high concentrations of salt in the environment to grow
  • halotolerant organism that grows in the presence of high salt concentration but does not require it
  • Hansen’s Disease chronic bacterial infection of peripheral nervous tissues caused by the acid-fast bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae ; also known as leprosy
  • hantavirus pulmonary syndrome acute lung infection by a hantavirus following inhalation of aerosols from the urine or feces of infected rodents
  • haploid having one copy of each chromosome
  • hapten a molecule that is too small to be antigenic alone but becomes antigenic when conjugated to a larger protein molecule
  • hard chancre a generally painless ulcer that develops at the site of infection in primary syphilis
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis hypothyroidism caused by an autoimmune disease affecting thyroid function
  • healthcare-associated infection (HAI) an infection acquired in a hospital or other health-care facility unrelated to the reason for which the patient was initially admitted; nosocomial infection
  • heavy chains longest identical peptide chains in antibody molecules (two per antibody monomer), composed of variable and constant region segments
  • helical virus cylindrical or rod shaped
  • helicase enzyme that unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs, using ATP
  • helminth a multicellular parasitic worm
  • helper T cells class of T cells that is the central orchestrator of the cellular and humoral defenses of adaptive immunity and the cellular defenses of innate immunity
  • hemagglutination visible clumping of red blood cells that can be caused by some viruses, bacteria, and certain diseases in which antibodies are produced that bind to self-red blood cells
  • hematopoiesis formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
  • hematuria condition in which there is blood in the urine
  • hemolysin class of exotoxin that targets and lyses red blood cells, as well as other cells
  • hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) type II hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and target fetal Rh+ red blood cells for lysis
  • hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) condition resulting after an incompatible blood transfusion; caused by type II hypersensitivity reaction and destruction of red blood cells
  • hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome serious hemorrhagic fever caused by hantavirus infection
  • HEPA filter high-efficiency particulate air filter with an effective pore size that captures bacterial cells, endospores, and viruses as air passes through, removing them from the air
  • hepatitis inflammation of the liver
  • herd immunity a reduction in disease prevalence brought about when few individuals in a population are susceptible to an infectious agent
  • herpes keratitis eye infection caused by herpes simplex virus
  • herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) the type of herpesvirus most commonly associated with genital herpes
  • herpetic gingivostomatitis inflammation of the mouth and gums often caused by the HSV-1 virus
  • heterolactic fermentation process producing a mixture of lactic acid, ethanol and/or acetic acid, and CO 2 as fermentation products; the microbes that do this use pentose phosphate pathway glycolysis, which is why they generate multiple fermentation products
  • heterotroph organism that uses fixed organic carbon compounds as its carbon source
  • hexose monophosphate shunt see pentose phosphate pathway
  • Hfr cell E. coli cell in which an F plasmid has integrated into the host cell’s chromosome
  • high G+C gram-positive bacteria bacteria that have more than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their DNA
  • high-energy phosphate bond bond between the negatively charged phosphate groups that holds a lot of potential energy
  • histamine proinflammatory molecule released by basophils and mast cells in response to stimulation by other cytokines and chemical mediators
  • histones DNA-binding proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that aid in orderly packaging of chromosomal DNA
  • histoplasmosis fungal disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum
  • holoenzyme enzyme with a bound cofactor or coenzyme
  • holozoic refers to protozoans that consume food particles through phagoctytosis
  • homolactic fermentation process producing only lactic acid as a fermentation product; the microbes that do this use Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolysis
  • hookworm infection soil-transmitted intestinal infection caused by the nematodes Necator americanus and Ancylostoma doudenale
  • horizontal direct transmission movement of a pathogen from one host to another (excluding mother to embryo, fetus, or infant) in a population through physical contact or through droplet transmission
  • horizontal gene transfer introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation
  • host range the types of host cells that a particular virus is able to infect
  • HTST high-temperature short-time pasteurization is a method of pasteurization commonly used for milk in which the milk is exposed to a temperature of 72 °C for 15 seconds
  • human African trypanosomiasis serious infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei and spread by the bite of the tsetse fly
  • human granulocytic anaplasmosis zoonotic tickborne disease caused by the obligate intracellular pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum
  • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) retrovirus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans
  • human papillomavirus (HPV) a group of common sexually transmitted viruses that may be associated with genital warts or with cervical cancer
  • humanized monoclonal antibodies chimeric antibodies with mouse variable regions and human constant regions
  • humoral immunity adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells
  • hyaluronidase enzyme produced by pathogens that degrades hyaluronic acid between adjacent cells in connective tissue
  • hybridization the joining of two complementary single-stranded DNA molecules
  • hybridoma clones of cell produced by fusing a normal B cell with a myeloma cell that is capable of producing monoclonal antibodies indefinitely
  • hydatid disease cystic echinococcosis, an infection caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus
  • hydrophilic “water loving”; refers to a polar molecule or portion of a molecule capable of strong attraction to water molecules
  • hydrophobic “water fearing”; refers to a nonpolar molecule or portion of a molecule not capable of strong attraction to water molecules
  • hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) type III and IV hypersensitivities in the lungs that are caused by environmental or occupational exposure to allergens such as mold and dust
  • hypersensitivity potentially damaging immune response against an antigen
  • hyperthermophile a microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature close to the temperature of boiling water
  • hypertonic medium an environment in which the solute concentration outside a cell exceeds that inside the cell, causing water molecules to move out of the cell, resulting in crenation (shriveling) or plasmolysis.
  • hyphae tubular, filamentous structures that makes up most fungi
  • hypodermis the layer of tissue under the dermis, consisting primarily of fibrous and adipose connective tissue
  • hypotonic medium an environment in which the solute concentration inside a cell exceeds that outside the cell, causing water molecules to move into the cell, possibly leading to swelling and possibly lysis

Questions & Answers

What is a cell
Odelana Reply
how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred

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Source:  OpenStax, Microbiology. OpenStax CNX. Nov 01, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12087/1.4
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