# Introduction and key concepts

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## Introduction

We have already studied transverse pulses and waves. In this chapter we look at another type of wave called longitudinal waves. In transverse waves, the motion of the particles in the medium were perpendicular to the direction of the wave. In longitudinal waves, the particles in the medium move parallel (in the same direction as) to the motion of the wave. Examples of transverse waves are water waves or light waves. An example of a longitudinal wave is a sound wave.

## What is a longitudinal wave ?

Longitudinal waves
A longitudinal wave is a wave where the particles in the medium move parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.

When we studied transverse waves we looked at two different motions: the motion of the particles of the medium and the motion of the wave itself. We will do the same for longitudinal waves.

The question is how do we construct such a wave?

To create a transverse wave, we flick the end of for example a rope up and down. The particles move up and down and return to their equilibrium position. The wave moves from left to right and will be displaced.

A longitudinal wave is seen best in a spring that is hung from a ceiling. Do the following investigation to find out more about longitudinal waves.

## Investigation : investigating longitudinal waves

1. Take a spring and hang it from the ceiling. Pull the free end of the spring and release it. Observe what happens.
2. In which direction does the disturbance move?
3. What happens when the disturbance reaches the ceiling?
4. Tie a ribbon to the middle of the spring. Watch carefully what happens to the ribbon when the free end of the spring is pulled and released. Describe the motion of the ribbon.

From the investigation you will have noticed that the disturbance moves parallel to the direction in which the spring was pulled. The spring was pulled down and the wave moved up and down. The ribbon in the investigation represents one particle in the medium. The particles in the medium move in the same direction as the wave. The ribbon moves from rest upwards, then back to its original position, then down and then back to its original position.

## Characteristics of longitudinal waves

As in the case of transverse waves the following properties can be defined for longitudinal waves: wavelength, amplitude, period, frequency and wave speed. However instead of peaks and troughs, longitudinal waves have compressions and rarefactions .

Compression
A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together.
Rarefaction
A rarefaction is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are furthest apart.

## Compression and rarefaction

As seen in [link] , there are regions where the medium is compressed and other regions where the medium is spread out in a longitudinal wave.

The region where the medium is compressed is known as a compression and the region where the medium is spread out is known as a rarefaction .

## Wavelength and amplitude

Wavelength
The wavelength in a longitudinal wave is the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase.

The wavelength in a longitudinal wave refers to the distance between two consecutive compressions or between two consecutive rarefactions.

Amplitude
The amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium. For a longitudinal wave which is a pressure wave this would be the maximum increase (or decrease) in pressure from the equilibrium pressure that is cause when a peak (or trough) passes a point.

The amplitude is the distance from the equilibrium position of the medium to a compression or a rarefaction.

## Period and frequency

Period
The period of a wave is the time taken by the wave to move one wavelength.
Frequency
The frequency of a wave is the number of wavelengths per second.

The period of a longitudinal wave is the time taken by the wave to move one wavelength. As for transverse waves, the symbol $T$ is used to represent period and period is measured in seconds (s).

The frequency $f$ of a wave is the number of wavelengths per second. Using this definition and the fact that the period is the time taken for 1 wavelength, we can define:

$f=\frac{1}{T}$

or alternately,

$T=\frac{1}{f}$

## Speed of a longitudinal wave

The speed of a longitudinal wave is defined as:

$v=f·\lambda$

where

• $v=\mathrm{speed in m}·\mathrm{s}{}^{-1}$
• $f=\mathrm{frequency in Hz}$
• $\lambda =\mathrm{wavelength in m}$

The musical note “A” is a sound wave. The note has a frequency of 440 Hz and a wavelength of 0,784 m. Calculate the speed of the musical note.

1. $\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill f& =& 440\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}\hfill \\ \hfill \lambda & =& 0,784\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}\hfill \end{array}$

We need to calculate the speed of the musical note “A”.

2. We are given the frequency and wavelength of the note. We can therefore use:

$v=f·\lambda$
3. $\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill v& =& f·\lambda \hfill \\ & =& \left(440\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}\right)\left(0,784\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}\right)\hfill \\ & =& 345\phantom{\rule{0.166667em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}·{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\hfill \end{array}$
4. The musical note “A” travels at $345\phantom{\rule{2pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}·\mathrm{s}{}^{-1}$ .

A longitudinal wave travels into a medium in which its speed increases. How does this affect its... (write only increases, decreases, stays the same ).

1. period?
2. wavelength?
1. We need to determine how the period and wavelength of a longitudinal wave change when its speed increases.

2. We need to find the link between period, wavelength and wave speed.

3. We know that the frequency of a longitudinal wave is dependent on the frequency of the vibrations that lead to the creation of the longitudinal wave. Therefore, the frequency is always unchanged, irrespective of any changes in speed. Since the period is the inverse of the frequency, the period remains the same.

4. The frequency remains unchanged. According to the wave equation

$v=f\lambda$

if $f$ remains the same and $v$ increases, then $\lambda$ , the wavelength, must also increase.

#### Questions & Answers

what is Nano technology ?
Bob Reply
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Bob
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brayan
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Damian
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Damian Reply
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Stoney Reply
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biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
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Damian Reply
research.net
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sciencedirect big data base
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Introduction about quantum dots in nanotechnology
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what does nano mean?
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nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
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s. Reply
there is no specific books for beginners but there is book called principle of nanotechnology
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Devang Reply
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s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
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That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
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carbon nanotubes has various application in fuel cells membrane, current research on cancer drug,and in electronics MEMS and NEMS etc
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s. Reply
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SUYASH Reply
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
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s. Reply
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
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Properties of longitudinal waves
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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: grade 10 physical science [caps]. OpenStax CNX. Sep 30, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11305/1.7
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