# 6.5 Dft-based filterbanks

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One common application of multirate processing arises in multirate, multi-channel filter banks ( [link] ).

One application is separating frequency-division-multiplexed channels. If the filters are narrowband, the output channelscan be decimated without significant aliasing.

Such structures are especially attractive when they can be implemented efficiently. For example, if the filters are simplyfrequency modulated (by $e^{-(i\frac{2\pi k}{L}n)}$ ) versions of each other, they can be efficiently implemented using FFTs!

Furthermore, there are classes of filters called perfect reconstruction filters which are of finite length but from which the signal can be reconstructed exactly (using all $M$ channels), even though the output of each channel experiences aliasing in the decimation step. These types of filterbankshave received a lot of research attention, culminating in wavelet theory and techniques.

## Uniform dft filter banks

Suppose we wish to split a digital input signal into $N$ frequency bands, uniformly spaced at center frequencies ${\omega }_{k}=\frac{2\pi k}{N}$ , for $0\le k\le N-1$ . Consider also a lowpass filter $h(n)$ , $H(\omega )\approx \begin{cases}1 & \text{if \left|\omega \right|< \frac{\pi }{N}}\\ 0 & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}$ . Bandpass filters can be constructed which have the frequency response ${H}_{k}(\omega )=H(\omega +\frac{2\pi k}{N})$ from ${h}_{k}(n)=h(n)e^{-(i\frac{2\pi kn}{N})}$ The output of the $k$ th bandpass filter is simply (assume $h(n)$ are FIR)

$(x(n), {h}_{k}(n))=\sum_{m=0}^{M-1} x(n-m)h(m)e^{-(i\frac{2\pi km}{N})}={y}_{k}(n)$
This looks suspiciously like a DFT, except that $M\neq N$ , in general. However, if we fix $M=N$ , then we can compute all ${y}_{k}(n)$ outputs simultaneously using an FFT of $x(n-m)h(m)$ : The $\text{kth FFT frequency output}={y}_{k}(n)$ ! So the cost of computing all of these filter banks outputs is $O(N\lg N)$ , rather than $N^{2}$ , per a given $n$ . This is very useful for efficient implementation of transmultiplexors (FDM to TDM).

How would we implement this efficiently if we wanted to decimate the individual channels ${y}_{k}(n)$ by a factor of $N$ , to their approximate Nyquist bandwidth?

Simply step by $N$ time samples between FFTs.

Do you expect significant aliasing? If so, how do you propose to combat it? Efficiently?

Aliasing should be expected. There are two ways to reduce it:

1. Decimate by less ("oversample" the individual channels) such as decimating by a factor of $\frac{N}{2}$ . This is efficiently done by time-stepping by the appropriate factor.
2. Design better (and thus longer) filters, say of length $LN$ . These can be efficiently computed by producing only $N$ (every $L$ th) FFT outputs using simplified FFTs.

How might one convert from $N$ input channels into an FDM signal efficiently? ( [link] )

Such systems are used throughout the telephone system, satellite communication links, etc.

Use an FFT and an inverse FFT for the modulation (TDM to FDM) and demodulation (FDM to TDM), respectively.

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da
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Bhagvanji
Preparation and Applications of Nanomaterial for Drug Delivery
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Application of nanotechnology in medicine
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Damian
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Professor
I think
Professor
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scanning tunneling microscope
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Any one who tell me about Preparation and application of Nanomaterial for drug Delivery
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The nanotechnology is as new science, to scale nanometric
brayan
nanotechnology is the study, desing, synthesis, manipulation and application of materials and functional systems through control of matter at nanoscale
Damian
Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?
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What fields keep nano created devices from performing or assimulating ? Magnetic fields ? Are do they assimilate ?
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Kyle
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biomolecules are e building blocks of every organics and inorganic materials.
Joe
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